{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,13]],"date-time":"2026-03-13T18:19:10Z","timestamp":1773425950358,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT.<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p><jats:italic>Plasmodium vivax<\/jats:italic> is the second-most common malaria pathogen globally, but is considered very rare in the predominantly Duffy-negative sub-Saharan African population. In 259 malaria patients from highland southern Rwanda, we assessed <jats:italic>Plasmodium<\/jats:italic> species and Duffy blood group status by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). <jats:italic>Plasmodium falciparum<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>P. vivax<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Plasmodium malariae<\/jats:italic>, and <jats:italic>Plasmodium ovale<\/jats:italic> were seen in 90.7%, 8.1%, 11.6%, and 5.0%, respectively. <jats:italic>Plasmodium vivax<\/jats:italic> occurred more frequently as a monoinfection than in combination with <jats:italic>P. falciparum<\/jats:italic>. All <jats:italic>P. vivax<\/jats:italic>\u2013infected individuals showed heterozygous Duffy positivity, whereas this was the case for only 3.1% of patients with <jats:italic>P. falciparum<\/jats:italic> monoinfection and malaria-negative control subjects (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0.01). Based on PCR diagnosis, <jats:italic>P. vivax<\/jats:italic> is not rare in southern Rwanda. All episodes of <jats:italic>P. vivax<\/jats:italic> were observed in heterozygous Duffy-positive patients, whereas elsewhere in Africa, <jats:italic>P. vivax<\/jats:italic> is also reported in Duffy-negative individuals. Refined mapping of <jats:italic>Plasmodium<\/jats:italic> species is required to establish control and elimination strategies including all malaria species.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.23-0143","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,7]],"date-time":"2023-08-07T14:52:48Z","timestamp":1691419968000},"page":"621-623","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Plasmodium vivax Malaria in Duffy-Positive Patients in Rwanda"],"prefix":"10.4269","volume":"109","author":[{"given":"Welmoed","family":"van Loon","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of International Health, Center for Global Health, Charit\u00e9\u2013Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rafael","family":"Oliveira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of International Health, Center for Global Health, Charit\u00e9\u2013Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany;"},{"name":"John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Clara","family":"Bergmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of International Health, Center for Global Health, Charit\u00e9\u2013Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Felix","family":"Habarugira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pathology Department, University Teaching Hospital of Butare, Huye, Rwanda;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Costanza","family":"Tacoli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Malaria Molecular Epidemiology Unit Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Phnom Penh, Cambodia;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Julia","family":"J\u00e4ger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Associatid Group Immune Ontogeny and Viral Infections, Leibniz Institute of Virology, Hamburg, Germany;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Darius","family":"Savelsberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of International Health, Center for Global Health, Charit\u00e9\u2013Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Djibril","family":"Mbarushimana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pathology Department, University Teaching Hospital of Butare, Huye, Rwanda;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jules M.","family":"Ndoli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Education and Research Division, University Teaching Hospital of Butare, Huye, Rwanda;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Augustin","family":"Sendegeya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chief Medical Office, King Faisal Hospital, Kigali, Rwanda;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Claude","family":"Bayingana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Biology, University of Rwanda, Kigali, Rwanda"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Frank P.","family":"Mockenhaupt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of International Health, Center for Global Health, Charit\u00e9\u2013Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"2795","reference":[{"key":"b1","series-title":"World Malaria Report 2022","year":"2022"},{"key":"b2","series-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev","first-page":"36","article-title":"Evidence and implications of mortality associated with acute Plasmodium vivax malaria","volume":"26","author":"Baird","year":"2013"},{"key":"b3","series-title":"Lancet Glob Health","first-page":"e1101","article-title":"Quantification of the association between malaria in 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