{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,9]],"date-time":"2026-05-09T08:46:43Z","timestamp":1778316403855,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,4]],"date-time":"2023-10-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1696377600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT.<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Wastewater-based surveillance is increasingly recognized as an important approach to monitoring population-level antimicrobial resistance (AMR). In this exploratory study, we examined the use of metagenomics to evaluate AMR using untreated wastewater samples routinely collected by the Niger national polio surveillance program. Forty-eight stored samples from two seasons each year over 4\u2009years (2016\u20132019) in three regions were selected for inclusion in this study and processed using unbiased DNA deep sequencing. Normalized number of reads of genetic determinants for different antibiotic classes were compared over time, by season, and by location. Correlations in resistance were examined among classes. Changes in reads per million per year were demonstrated for several classes, including decreases over time in resistance determinants for phenicols (\u20133.3, 95% CI: \u20138.7 to \u20130.1, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = 0.029) and increases over time for aminocoumarins (3.8, 95% CI: 0.0 to 11.4, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = 0.043), fluoroquinolones (6.8, 95% CI: 0.0 to 20.5, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = 0.048), and beta-lactams (0.85, 95% CI: 0.1 to 1.7, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = 0.006). Sulfonamide resistance was higher in the post\u2013rainy season compared with the dry season (5.2-fold change, 95% CI: 3.4 to 7.9, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0.001). No differences were detected when comparing other classes by season or by site for any antibiotic class. Positive correlations were identified in genetic determinants of resistance among several antibiotic classes. These results demonstrate the potential utility of leveraging existing wastewater sample collection in this setting for AMR surveillance.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.23-0204","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,28]],"date-time":"2023-08-28T19:21:23Z","timestamp":1693250483000},"page":"725-729","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Wastewater-Based Surveillance of Antimicrobial Resistance in Niger: An Exploratory Study"],"prefix":"10.4269","volume":"109","author":[{"given":"Sani","family":"Ousmane","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre de Recherche M\u00e9dicale et Sanitaire, Niamey, Niger;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Issifi A.","family":"Kollo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre de Recherche M\u00e9dicale et Sanitaire, Niamey, Niger;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ronan","family":"Jambou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre de Recherche M\u00e9dicale et Sanitaire, Niamey, Niger;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rakia","family":"Boubacar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre de Recherche M\u00e9dicale et Sanitaire, Niamey, Niger;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ahmed M.","family":"Arzika","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre de Recherche et Interventions en Sant\u00e9 Publique, Birni N\u2019Gaoure, Niger;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ramatou","family":"Maliki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre de Recherche et Interventions en Sant\u00e9 Publique, Birni N\u2019Gaoure, Niger;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Abdou","family":"Amza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Programme Nationale de Sant\u00e9 Oculaire, Niamey, Niger;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zijun","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Francis I. Proctor Foundation, University of California, San Francisco, California;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Elodie","family":"Lebas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Francis I. Proctor Foundation, University of California, San Francisco, California;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Emily","family":"Colby","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Francis I. Proctor Foundation, University of California, San Francisco, California;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lina","family":"Zhong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Francis I. Proctor Foundation, University of California, San Francisco, California;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cindi","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Francis I. Proctor Foundation, University of California, San Francisco, California;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Armin","family":"Hinterwirth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Francis I. Proctor Foundation, University of California, San Francisco, California;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Thuy","family":"Doan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Francis I. Proctor Foundation, University of California, San Francisco, California;"},{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, San Francisco, California;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Thomas M.","family":"Lietman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Francis I. Proctor Foundation, University of California, San Francisco, California;"},{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, San Francisco, California;"},{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, California;"},{"name":"Institute for Global Health Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, California"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kieran S.","family":"O\u2019Brien","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Francis I. Proctor Foundation, University of California, San Francisco, California;"},{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, San Francisco, California;"},{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, California;"},{"name":"Institute for Global Health Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, California"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"2795","reference":[{"key":"b1","series-title":"Lancet","first-page":"629","article-title":"Global burden of bacterial antimicrobial resistance in 2019: a systematic analysis","volume":"399","author":"Murray","year":"2022"},{"key":"b2","series-title":"BMC Infect Dis","first-page":"616","article-title":"Antimicrobial resistance in Africa: a systematic review","volume":"17","author":"Tadesse","year":"2017"},{"key":"b3","series-title":"Global Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance System (GLASS) Report: Early Implementation 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