{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T05:32:55Z","timestamp":1787031175226,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,3]],"date-time":"2024-01-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1704240000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT.<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Flea-borne typhus (FBT), also referred to as murine typhus, is an acute febrile disease in humans caused by the bacteria\n                    <jats:italic>Rickettsia typhi<\/jats:italic>\n                    . Currently, cases of FBT are reported for public health surveillance purposes (i.e., to detect incidence and outbreaks) in a few U.S. states. In California, healthcare providers and testing laboratories are mandated to report to their respective local public health jurisdictions whenever\n                    <jats:italic>R. typhi<\/jats:italic>\n                    or antibodies reactive to\n                    <jats:italic>R. typhi<\/jats:italic>\n                    are detected in a patient, who then report cases to state health department. In this study, we characterize the epidemiology of flea-borne typhus cases in California from 2011 to 2019. A total of 881 cases were reported during this period, with most cases reported among residents of Los Angeles and Orange Counties (97%). Demographics, animal exposures, and clinical courses for case patients were summarized. Additionally, spatiotemporal cluster analyses pointed to five areas in southern California with persistent FBT transmission.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.23-0272","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,18]],"date-time":"2023-12-18T14:56:50Z","timestamp":1702911410000},"page":"142-149","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Surveillance of Flea-Borne Typhus in California, 2011\u20132019"],"prefix":"10.4269","volume":"110","author":[{"given":"Kyle","family":"Yomogida","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Animal Disease Modeling and Surveillance, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California;"},{"name":"Vector-Borne Disease Section, California Department of Public Health, Sacramento, California;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anne","family":"Kjemtrup","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vector-Borne Disease Section, California Department of Public Health, Sacramento, California;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Beatriz","family":"Mart\u00ednez-L\u00f3pez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Animal Disease Modeling and Surveillance, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mireille","family":"Ibrahim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Los Angeles County Department of Public Health, Acute Communicable Disease Control Program \u2013 Morbidity Unit, Los Angeles, California;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zuelma","family":"Contreras","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Los Angeles County Department of Public Health, Acute Communicable Disease Control Program \u2013 Morbidity Unit, Los Angeles, California;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Van","family":"Ngo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Los Angeles County Department of Public Health, Acute Communicable Disease Control Program \u2013 Morbidity Unit, Los Angeles, California;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Umme-Aiman","family":"Halai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Los Angeles County Department of Public Health, Acute Communicable Disease Control Program \u2013 Morbidity Unit, Los Angeles, California;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sharon","family":"Balter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Los Angeles County Department of Public Health, Acute Communicable Disease Control Program \u2013 Morbidity Unit, Los Angeles, California;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matt","family":"Feaster","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"City of Pasadena Public Health Department, Pasadena, California;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthew","family":"Zahn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Orange County Health Care Agency, Santa Ana, California;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eric","family":"Shearer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Orange County Health Care Agency, Santa Ana, California;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rochelle","family":"Sorvillo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Orange County Health Care Agency, Santa Ana, California;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nora","family":"Balanji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Long Beach Department of Health and Human Services, Communicable Disease Control Program, Long Beach, California"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cindy","family":"Torres","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Long Beach Department of Health and Human Services, Communicable Disease Control Program, Long Beach, California"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Belinda","family":"Prado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Long Beach Department of Health and Human Services, Communicable Disease Control Program, Long Beach, California"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Charsey","family":"Porse","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vector-Borne Disease Section, California Department of Public Health, Sacramento, California;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vicki","family":"Kramer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vector-Borne Disease Section, California Department of Public Health, Sacramento, California;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"2795","reference":[{"key":"b1","series-title":"Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett\u2019s Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases","first-page":"2306","author":"Dumler"},{"key":"b2","series-title":"J Med Entomol","first-page":"681","article-title":"Murine typhus: updated roles of multiple urban components and a second typhuslike Rickettsia.","volume":"31","author":"Schriefer","year":"1994"},{"key":"b3","series-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"269","article-title":"A suburban focus of endemic typhus in Los Angeles County: association with seropositive domestic cats and opossums","volume":"48","author":"Sorvillo","year":"1993"},{"key":"b4","series-title":"Emerg Infect Dis","first-page":"319","article-title":"Flea-borne rickettsioses: ecologic considerations","volume":"3","author":"Azad","year":"1997"},{"key":"b5","series-title":"Emerg Infect Dis","first-page":"645","article-title":"Typhus group 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