{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,20]],"date-time":"2026-10-20T17:15:16Z","timestamp":1792516516382,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":71,"publisher":"American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,5]],"date-time":"2024-06-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1717545600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT.<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Animal African trypanosomiasis, also known as nagana, is caused by <jats:italic>Trypanosoma<\/jats:italic> species, which cause significant clinical diseases and lead to losses in animal production. We carried out a cross-sectional survey to investigate the composition of vectors and parasite diversity in two districts in the eastern region of Ghana where pigs and cattle were exposed to tsetse bites. We performed <jats:italic>cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1<\/jats:italic> polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to identify tsetse species and <jats:italic>internal transcribed spacer 1<\/jats:italic> PCR to identify <jats:italic>Trypanosoma<\/jats:italic> species. Also, we investigated the source of tsetse blood meal based on mitochondrial <jats:italic>cytochrome b<\/jats:italic> gene sequence analysis. A total of 229 tsetse, 65 pigs, and 20 cattle were investigated for trypanosomes. An overall vector density of 4.3 tsetse\/trap\/day was observed. A trypanosome prevalence of 58.9% (95% CI = 52.5\u201365.1%), 46.2% (95% CI = 34.6\u201358.1%), and 0.0% (95% CI = 0.0\u201316.1%) in tsetse, pigs, and cattle, respectively, was detected. <jats:italic>Trypanosoma congolense<\/jats:italic> was predominant, with a prevalence of 33.3% (95% CI = 73.3\u201386.5%) in tsetse. There was evidence of multiple infections in tsetse and pigs. Approximately 39% of the tsetse were positive for multiple infections of <jats:italic>T. congolense<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Trypanosoma simiae<\/jats:italic>. Parasite prevalence in pigs across the communities was high, with significant differences associated between locations (\u03c7<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup> = 28.06, 95% CI = 0.05\u20130.81, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = 0.0009). Tsetse blood meal analysis revealed feeding on domestic <jats:italic>Sus scrofa domesticus<\/jats:italic> (pigs) and <jats:italic>Phacochoerus africanus<\/jats:italic> (warthogs). Infective tsetse may transmit trypanosomes to livestock and humans in the communities studied.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.23-0329","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,2]],"date-time":"2024-05-02T14:53:36Z","timestamp":1714661616000},"page":"1127-1136","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["The Transmission of Animal African Trypanosomiasis in Two Districts in the Forest Zone of Ghana"],"prefix":"10.4269","volume":"110","author":[{"given":"Austine","family":"Tweneboah","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Theoretical and Applied Biology, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jana","family":"Rosenau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology and Chemistry, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kofi Agyapong","family":"Addo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Theoretical and Applied Biology, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas Kwame","family":"Addison","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Theoretical and Applied Biology, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mahamat Alhadj Moussa","family":"Ibrahim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, University of N\u2019Djamena, N\u2019Djamena, Chad"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Judith Sophie","family":"Weber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology and Chemistry, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Soerge","family":"Kelm","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology and Chemistry, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kingsley","family":"Badu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Theoretical and Applied Biology, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"2795","reference":[{"key":"b1","series-title":"BMC Vet Res","first-page":"365","article-title":"Apparent density, trypanosome infection rates and host preference of tsetse flies in the sleeping sickness endemic focus of northwestern Uganda","volume":"17","author":"Opiro","year":"2021"},{"key":"b2","series-title":"Vet Parasitol","first-page":"231","article-title":"The comparative role of cattle, goats and pigs in the epidemiology of livestock 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