{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,8]],"date-time":"2026-07-08T05:06:13Z","timestamp":1783487173958,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene","issue":"6","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT.<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>We report 26 cases of eye injuries resulting from cobra venom sprayed by <jats:italic>Naja atra<\/jats:italic>. This accounts for 14.5% of patients (26\/173) treated for cobra injuries who presented to the emergency department of a snakebite treatment center in Guangzhou, South China. Pain, blurred vision, lacrimation, photophobia, and foreign body sensation were the most common symptoms, found in 24 patients. Ophthalmic examination revealed eyelid swelling and conjunctival congestion. Eye slit lamp examination showed obvious punctate corneal epithelial defects in four patients. Five patients received an intravenous infusion of antivenom. All patients\u2019 eyes were rinsed completely with normal saline after their arrival at the hospital. Prophylactic topical antibiotics were given to all patients. All eyes were cured without long-term sequelae.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.23-0374","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,6]],"date-time":"2023-11-06T18:57:30Z","timestamp":1699297050000},"page":"1393-1396","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Case Report: Snake Venom Ophthalmia Caused by Cobra Exposure: A Report of 26 Cases"],"prefix":"10.4269","volume":"109","author":[{"given":"Zehan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jieyi","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jing","family":"Fang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiasheng","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liangbo","family":"Zeng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Emergency Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jianjing","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"2795","reference":[{"key":"b1","series-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"525","article-title":"Snake venom ophthalmia and blindness caused by the spitting cobra (Naja nigricollis) in 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replacement therapy after antivenom treatment on coagulopathic envenomation following green pit viper bites: a retrospective observational study","volume":"22","author":"Zeng","year":"2022"},{"key":"b7","series-title":"Animals (Basel)","first-page":"3481","article-title":"Description of a new cobra (Naja Laurenti, 1768; Squamata, Elapidae) from China with designation of a neotype for Naja atra.","volume":"12","author":"Shi","year":"2022"},{"key":"b8","series-title":"J Snake","first-page":"10","article-title":"An epidemiological study on the snakebites in Guangxi Province, China in 1990","volume":"5","author":"Wang","year":"1993"},{"key":"b9","series-title":"Toxicon","first-page":"79","article-title":"Spitting cobras: experimental assay employing the model of chicken embryo and the chick chorioallantoic membrane for imaging and evaluation of effects of venom from African and Asian species (Naja ashei, Naja nigricollis, Naja siamensis, Naja 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Taiwan","volume":"14","author":"Chong","year":"2022"},{"key":"b19","series-title":"Toxins (Basel)","first-page":"468","article-title":"A retrospective cohort study of cobra envenomation: clinical characteristics, treatments, and outcomes","volume":"15","author":"Tansuwannarat","year":"2023"},{"key":"b20","series-title":"Toxicon","first-page":"253","article-title":"The ex vivo eye irritation test (EVEIT) model as a mean of improving venom ophthalmia understanding","volume":"150","author":"Delafontaine","year":"2018"},{"key":"b21","series-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"1129","article-title":"Bacteriology of Naja atra snakebite wound and its implications for antibiotic therapy","volume":"94","author":"Mao","year":"2016"},{"key":"b22","series-title":"J Snake","first-page":"4","article-title":"Antivenom eye-drop for treatment of ocular injury by cobra (Naja atra) venom poisoning","volume":"16","author":"Li","year":"2004"},{"key":"b23","series-title":"Clin Toxicol (Phila)","first-page":"287","article-title":"Effects of topical heparin, antivenom, tetracycline and dexamethasone treatment in corneal injury resulting from the venom of the black spitting cobra (Naja sumatrana), in a rabbit model","volume":"44","author":"Cham","year":"2006"}],"container-title":["The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and 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