{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,5]],"date-time":"2026-07-05T18:03:24Z","timestamp":1783274604458,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,6]],"date-time":"2023-12-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1701820800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT.<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Dengue experienced a rise in disease burden in 2021 in specific regions of India. We aimed to explore the risk factors of dengue occurrence and severity in the post-COVID-19 and post-COVID-19 vaccination era and performed an exploratory analysis involving participants from two prior observational studies conducted from February 2021 to April 2022 in a tertiary hospital in North India. Health care workers constituted the majority of the study participants. Individuals were stratified into five groups based on COVID-19 infection and timing of vaccination: COVID-No Vaccine, Vaccine-No COVID (VNC), COVID After Vaccine (CAV), Vaccine After COVID (VAC), and No Vaccine-No COVID (NVNC) groups. The occurrence of laboratory-confirmed dengue and severe forms of dengue were the main outcomes of interest. A total of 1,701 participants (1,520 vaccinated, 181 unvaccinated) were included. Of these, symptomatic dengue occurred in 133 (7.8%) and was \u201csevere\u201d in 42 (31.6%) cases. Individuals with a history of COVID-19 in 2020 had a 2-times-higher odds of developing symptomatic dengue (\n                    <jats:italic>P =<\/jats:italic>\n                    0.002). The VAC group had 3.6 (\n                    <jats:italic>P =<\/jats:italic>\n                    0.019)-, 2 (\n                    <jats:italic>P =<\/jats:italic>\n                    0.002)-, and 1.9 (\n                    <jats:italic>P =<\/jats:italic>\n                    0.01)-times-higher odds of developing symptomatic dengue than the NVNC, VNC, and CAV groups, respectively. The severity of dengue was not affected by COVID-19 vaccination but with marginal statistical significance, a 2-times-higher risk of severe dengue was observed with any COVID-19 of the past (\n                    <jats:italic>P =<\/jats:italic>\n                    0.08). We conclude that COVID-19 may enhance the risk of developing symptomatic dengue. Future research should explore the predisposition of COVID-19-recovered patients toward other viral illnesses. Individuals receiving COVID-19 vaccines after recovering from COVID-19 particularly seem to be at greater risk of symptomatic dengue and need long-term watchfulness. Possible mechanisms, such as antibody-dependent enhancement or T-cell dysfunction, should be investigated in COVID-19-recovered and vaccinated individuals.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.23-0418","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,30]],"date-time":"2023-10-30T11:07:12Z","timestamp":1698664032000},"page":"1290-1297","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Did COVID-19 or COVID-19 Vaccines Influence the Patterns of Dengue in 2021? An Exploratory Analysis of Two Observational Studies from North India"],"prefix":"10.4269","volume":"109","author":[{"given":"Upinder","family":"Kaur","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Parth","family":"Jethwani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shraddha","family":"Mishra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amol","family":"Dehade","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ashish Kumar","family":"Yadav","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Biostatistics, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sasanka","family":"Chakrabarti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, Maharishi Markandeshwar (deemed to be University), Mullana, India;"},{"name":"Central Research Cell, Maharishi Markandeshwar (deemed to be University), Mullana, India;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sankha Shubhra","family":"Chakrabarti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geriatric Medicine, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"2795","reference":[{"key":"b1","series-title":"WHO Coronavirus (COVID-19) Dashboard","year":"2023"},{"key":"b2","author":"Mathieu","year":"2020"},{"key":"b3","series-title":"J Med Virol","first-page":"407","article-title":"Occurrence of COVID\u201019 in priority groups receiving ChAdOx1 nCoV\u201019 coronavirus vaccine (recombinant): a preliminary analysis from North India","volume":"94","author":"Kaur","year":"2022"},{"key":"b4","year":"2023"},{"key":"b5","year":"2022"},{"key":"b6","series-title":"EClinicalMedicine","first-page":"101038","article-title":"A prospective observational safety study on ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 corona virus vaccine (recombinant) use in healthcare workers \u2013 first results from India","volume":"38","author":"Kaur","year":"2021"},{"key":"b7","series-title":"Drug Saf","first-page":"553","article-title":"Long-term safety analysis of the ChAdOx1-nCoV-19 corona virus vaccine: results from a prospective observational study in priority vaccinated groups in North 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