{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,6]],"date-time":"2026-02-06T01:43:43Z","timestamp":1770342223589,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,3]],"date-time":"2024-04-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1712102400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT.<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p><jats:italic>Angiostrongylus cantonensis<\/jats:italic> is a globally distributed nematode and the leading cause of eosinophilic meningitis in humans. As a global hotspot for this disease, Hawaii\u2019s agricultural exports may be contributing to the spread of <jats:italic>A. cantonensis<\/jats:italic>. Phytosanitary irradiation doses of 150 or 400\u2009Gy provide quarantine security against multiple insect pests. We evaluated the in\u00a0vitro and in\u00a0vivo effects of phytosanitary irradiation on infectious, third-stage, <jats:italic>A. cantonensis<\/jats:italic> larvae. In vitro experiments directly exposed larvae to irradiation doses ranging from 200 to 1,000\u2009Gy. Results showed low mortality and no dose response across all treatments 27\u2009days post-irradiation. In vivo studies isolated larvae from wild-caught <jats:italic>Parmarion martensi<\/jats:italic> after exposure to x-ray irradiation at doses of 0, 150, and 400\u2009Gy and infected them into laboratory rats. Fourteen rats were assigned to each treatment and infected with 50 larvae from their assigned irradiation dose. Results at 3 and 6\u2009weeks post-infection demonstrated a significant negative dose response in regard to the number of larvae that migrated to the brain and adults found in the pulmonary artery. No irradiated larvae that grew into adults were able to produce eggs. These findings indicate that x-ray irradiation does not result in the direct mortality of <jats:italic>A. cantonensis<\/jats:italic> larvae; however, it does affect the infectivity and reproduction of <jats:italic>A. cantonensis<\/jats:italic> within its definitive host, the rat. Phytosanitary irradiation at doses \u2265150\u2009Gy appears to be an effective means of preventing the establishment of viable populations of <jats:italic>A. cantonensis<\/jats:italic>, thus reducing the potential for global spread due to agricultural exports from Hawaii.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.23-0570","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,20]],"date-time":"2024-02-20T22:04:28Z","timestamp":1708466668000},"page":"691-699","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Efficacy of X-Ray Phytosanitary Irradiation on the Infectivity and Reproduction of Angiostrongylus cantonensis in Experimentally Infected Rats"],"prefix":"10.4269","volume":"110","author":[{"given":"Susan I.","family":"Jarvi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Daniel K. Inouye College of Pharmacy, University of Hawaii, Hilo, Hawaii;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lisa M.","family":"Kaluna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Daniel K. Inouye College of Pharmacy, University of Hawaii, Hilo, Hawaii;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Steven C.","family":"Hess","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"U.S. Department of Agriculture, Animal Plant Health Inspection Service, National Wildlife Research Center, Hawaii Field Station, Hilo, Hawaii;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lindsey","family":"Hamilton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Daniel K. Inouye Pacific Basin Agricultural Research Center, Hilo, Hawaii"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Carmen","family":"Antaky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"U.S. Department of Agriculture, Animal Plant Health Inspection Service, National Wildlife Research Center, Hawaii Field Station, Hilo, Hawaii;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Robert T.","family":"Sugihara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"U.S. Department of Agriculture, Animal Plant Health Inspection Service, National Wildlife Research Center, Hawaii Field Station, Hilo, Hawaii;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Israel L.","family":"Leinbach","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"U.S. Department of Agriculture, Animal Plant Health Inspection Service, National Wildlife Research Center, Hawaii Field Station, Hilo, Hawaii;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yaeko","family":"Tagami","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Daniel K. Inouye College of Pharmacy, University of Hawaii, Hilo, Hawaii;"},{"name":"U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Daniel K. Inouye Pacific Basin Agricultural Research Center, Hilo, Hawaii"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Argon","family":"Steel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Daniel K. Inouye College of Pharmacy, University of Hawaii, Hilo, Hawaii;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kathleen","family":"Howe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Daniel K. Inouye College of Pharmacy, University of Hawaii, Hilo, Hawaii;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Steven","family":"Jacquier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Daniel K. Inouye College of Pharmacy, University of Hawaii, Hilo, Hawaii;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Forrest","family":"Cookman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Daniel K. Inouye College of Pharmacy, University of Hawaii, Hilo, Hawaii;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jocelyn","family":"Diaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Daniel K. Inouye College of Pharmacy, University of Hawaii, Hilo, Hawaii;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"John","family":"Jacob","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Daniel K. Inouye College of Pharmacy, University of Hawaii, Hilo, Hawaii;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Follett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Daniel K. Inouye Pacific Basin Agricultural Research Center, Hilo, Hawaii"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"2795","reference":[{"key":"b1","series-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"589","article-title":"Memorandum on the first report of Angiostrongylus in man, by Nomura and Lin, 1945","volume":"13","author":"Beaver","year":"1964"},{"key":"b2","series-title":"J Parasitol","first-page":"39","article-title":"Possible role of water in transmission of Angiostrongylus cantonensis (Nematoda-Metastrongylidae)","volume":"50","author":"Cheng","year":"1964"},{"key":"b3","series-title":"Lancet Infect Dis","first-page":"621","article-title":"Human angiostrongyliasis","volume":"8","author":"Wang","year":"2008"},{"key":"b4","series-title":"Hawaii J Med Public Health","first-page":"70","article-title":"Pathways for transmission of angiostrongyliasis and the risk of disease associated with them","volume":"72","author":"Cowie","year":"2013"},{"key":"b5","series-title":"PLoS One","first-page":"e0209813","article-title":"Water transmission potential of Angiostrongylus cantonensis: larval viability and effectiveness of rainwater catchment sediment filters","volume":"14","author":"Howe","year":"2019"},{"key":"b6","series-title":"One Health","first-page":"100426","article-title":"Paratenic hosts of Angiostrongylus cantonensis and their relation to human neuroangiostrongyliasis globally","volume":"15","author":"Turck","year":"2022"},{"key":"b7","series-title":"Am J Epidemiol","first-page":"17","article-title":"Studies on eosinophilic meningitis 3 Epidemiologic and clinical observations on Pacific islands and the possible etiologic role of Angiostrongylus cantonensis.","volume":"85","author":"Rosen","year":"1967"},{"key":"b8","series-title":"Emerg Infect Dis","first-page":"1234","article-title":"Geographic range expansion for rat lungworm in North America","volume":"21","author":"York","year":"2015"},{"key":"b9","series-title":"Parasitology","first-page":"1087","article-title":"Angiostrongylus cantonensis: a review of its distribution, molecular biology and clinical significance as a human pathogen","volume":"143","author":"Barratt","year":"2016"},{"key":"b10","series-title":"Clin Infect Dis","first-page":"1475","article-title":"Angiostrongylus cantonensis infection: a cause of fever of unknown origin in pediatric patients","volume":"63","author":"Foster","year":"2016"},{"key":"b11","series-title":"PLoS One","first-page":"e0177910","article-title":"Geographic distribution of Angiostrongylus cantonensis in wild rats (Rattus rattus) and terrestrial snails in Florida, USA","volume":"12","author":"Stockdale Walden","year":"2017"},{"key":"b12","series-title":"Emerg Infect Dis","first-page":"1037","article-title":"Angiostrongylus cantonensis meningitis and myelitis, Texas, USA","volume":"23","author":"Hammoud","year":"2017"},{"key":"b13","series-title":"MMWR Morb Mort Wkly Rep","first-page":"825","article-title":"Rat lungworm infection associated with central nervous system disease\u2013eight US States, January 2011\u2013January 2017","volume":"67","author":"Liu","year":"2018"},{"key":"b14","series-title":"Fed Regist","first-page":"13376","article-title":"Irradiation in the production, processing, and handling of food","volume":"51","year":"1986"},{"key":"b15","series-title":"Irradiation for Quality Improvement, Microbial Safety and Phytosanitation of Fresh Produce","author":"Barkai-Golan","year":"2017"},{"key":"b16","series-title":"Am Malacol Bull","first-page":"113","article-title":"Alien non-marine snails and slugs of priority quarantine importance in the United States: a preliminary risk assessment","volume":"27","author":"Cowie","year":"2009"},{"key":"b17","series-title":"Parasitology","first-page":"153","article-title":"Demographics of the semi-slug Parmarion martensi, an intermediate host for Angiostrongylus cantonensis in Hawai\u2019i, during laboratory rearing","volume":"148","author":"Hamilton","year":"2021"},{"key":"b18","series-title":"Pest Manag Sci","first-page":"1187","article-title":"Phytosanitary irradiation using X-rays prevents reproduction in the semi-slug Parmarion martensi (Stylommatophora: Ariophantidae), a host of the human pathogenic nematode Angiostrongylus cantonensis (Rhabditida: Angiostrongylidae)","volume":"78","author":"Follett","year":"2022"},{"key":"b19","series-title":"Parasitology","first-page":"167","article-title":"Alternative pathways in Angiostrongylus cantonensis (Metastrongyloidea: Angiostrongylidae) transmission","volume":"148","author":"Modr\u00fd","year":"2021"},{"key":"b20","series-title":"Proc Helminthol Soc Wash","first-page":"95","article-title":"The use of irradiated third-stage larvae of Angiostrongylus cantonensis as antigen to immunize albino rats against homologous infections","volume":"36","author":"Lee","year":"1969"},{"key":"b21","series-title":"Parasitol Res","first-page":"159","article-title":"Late development and fertility of adult worms derived from gamma-irradiated first-stage larvae of Angiostrongylus cantonensis.","volume":"73","author":"Ishii","year":"1987"},{"key":"b22","series-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"827","article-title":"Killing effect of gamma irradiation on Angiostrongylus cantonensis in snails","volume":"48","author":"Pai","year":"1993"},{"key":"b23","series-title":"J Helminthol","first-page":"238","article-title":"Effect of irradiation on the viability of Angiostrongylus cantonensis and A costaricensis infective larvae","volume":"67","author":"Ooi","year":"1993"},{"key":"b24","series-title":"Nematologica","first-page":"56","article-title":"The sensitivity of some plant-parasitic and free-living nematodes to gamma and X-irradiation","volume":"5","author":"Myers","year":"1960"},{"key":"b25","series-title":"Parasitol Res","first-page":"1351","article-title":"Angiostrongylus cantonensis: morphological and behavioral investigation within the freshwater snail Pomacea canaliculata.","volume":"104","author":"Lv","year":"2009"},{"key":"b26","series-title":"Parasitology","first-page":"1421","article-title":"Validation of a death assay for Angiostrongylus cantonensis larvae (L3) using propidium iodide in a rat model (Rattus norvegicus)","volume":"146","author":"Jarvi","year":"2019"},{"key":"b27","series-title":"PLoS One","first-page":"e13042","article-title":"An efficient multistrategy DNA decontamination procedure of PCR reagents for hypersensitive PCR applications","volume":"5","author":"Champlot","year":"2010"},{"key":"b28","series-title":"J Mammal","first-page":"235","article-title":"Guidelines of the American Society of Mammalogists for the use of wild mammals in research","volume":"92","author":"Sikes","year":"2011"},{"key":"b29","series-title":"Aust J Zool","first-page":"1","article-title":"The life history of the rat lungworm, Angiostrongylus cantonensis (Chen) (Nematoda: Metastrongylidae)","volume":"3","author":"Mackerras","year":"1955"},{"key":"b30","series-title":"Annu Rev Entomol","first-page":"359","article-title":"Current trends in quarantine entomology","volume":"51","author":"Follett","year":"2006"},{"key":"b31","series-title":"Food Irradiation Technologies\u2014Concepts, Applications and Outcomes","first-page":"169","author":"Roberts"},{"key":"b32","year":"2021"},{"key":"b33","series-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA","first-page":"4752","article-title":"Intrinsic resistance to the lethal effects of x-irradiation in insect and arachnid cells","volume":"80","author":"Koval","year":"1983"},{"key":"b34","series-title":"Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health","first-page":"547","article-title":"Motility and drug susceptibility of Angiostrongylus cantonensis developing from gamma-irradiated first-stage larvae","volume":"18","author":"Ishii","year":"1987"},{"key":"b35","series-title":"Advances in Parasitology","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-308X(08)60366-8","volume":"3","author":"Alicata"},{"key":"b36","series-title":"Ann Trop Med Parasitol","first-page":"205","article-title":"Polymyositis and polyneuritis in experimental Angiostrongylus cantonensis infection of rabbits","volume":"75","author":"Jindrak","year":"1981"},{"key":"b37","series-title":"Parasitol Res","first-page":"1937","article-title":"Study on the tolerance and adaptation of rats to Angiostrongylus cantonensis infection","volume":"116","author":"Ji","year":"2017"},{"key":"b38","series-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"353","article-title":"Neuroangiostrongyliasis: the \u201csubarachnoid phase\u201d and its implications for anthelminthic therapy","volume":"98","author":"Prociv","year":"2018"}],"container-title":["The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/view\/journals\/tpmd\/110\/4\/article-p691.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/tpmd\/110\/4\/article-p691.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/tpmd\/110\/4\/article-p691.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,3]],"date-time":"2024-04-03T13:09:03Z","timestamp":1712149743000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/view\/journals\/tpmd\/110\/4\/article-p691.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,3]]},"references-count":38,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4269\/ajtmh.23-0570","relation":{},"ISSN":["0002-9637","1476-1645"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0002-9637","type":"print"},{"value":"1476-1645","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,3]]}}}