{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T13:30:27Z","timestamp":1787837427824,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT.<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Nontyphoidal <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic> is one of the major causes of self-limiting diarrheal disease and the most common foodborne pathogen worldwide. It is an important contributor to the burden of foodborne illness in South America, including Peru, where chicken and pork are important vehicles for <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic> infection. <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic> infections are underreported, particularly in low- and middle-income countries where concerted action tackling <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic> along the chicken and pork chains, from primary production to retail, is urgently needed. To support and inform the implementation of new strategies to reduce <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic> contamination of chicken and pork, this study describes the frequency and distribution of foodborne outbreaks attributed to <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic> in Peru and evaluates the level of <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic> in chicken and pork meat sold in markets of three regions of Peru. To that end, we analyzed historical reports of foodborne outbreaks, levels of <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic> in chicken and pork sold in markets, and the number of mesophiles in the collected meat samples. As a result, the microbiological analysis reveals a widespread contamination of chicken (77.1%) and pork (26.8%) with <jats:italic>Salmonella.<\/jats:italic> It also pinpoints <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic> as the causative agent in nearly half of the outbreaks (47.0%) where the potential origin is identified over a 11-year period with chicken, mayonnaise, and pork being the most likely food vehicles. These results suggest that <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic> is a major contributor to foodborne illness in Peru and that the monitoring of mesophiles could be a good strategy for surveillance, generating data to support source attribution studies and ultimately evidence-informed policies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.23-0575","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,14]],"date-time":"2024-05-14T13:49:33Z","timestamp":1715694573000},"page":"141-150","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Salmonella in Chicken and Pork Meat as a Likely Major Contributor to Foodborne Illness in Peru"],"prefix":"10.4269","volume":"111","author":[{"given":"Ana Cecilia","family":"Ho-Palma","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Medicine, School of Human Medicine, Universidad Nacional del Centro del Peru, Huancayo, Peru;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eloy","family":"Gonzales-Gustavson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal and Public Health, School of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, Peru;"},{"name":"Tropical and Highlands Veterinary Research Institute, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Jauja, Peru;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Enrique","family":"Quispe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Engineering on Food Industries, Universidad Nacional del Centro del Peru, Huancayo, Peru;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matteo","family":"Crotta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Veterinary Epidemiology, Economics and Public Health Group, WOAH Collaborating Centre for Risk Analysis and Modelling, Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Erica","family":"Nunney","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Veterinary Epidemiology, Economics and Public Health Group, WOAH Collaborating Centre for Risk Analysis and Modelling, Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Georgina","family":"Limon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Veterinary Epidemiology, Economics and Public Health Group, WOAH Collaborating Centre for Risk Analysis and Modelling, Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"Andrade-Mogrovejo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal and Public Health, School of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, Peru;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jorge","family":"Pastor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Subdirecci\u00f3n de Inocuidad Agroalimentaria, Servicio Nacional de Sanidad Agraria del Peru, Lima, Peru;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emilio","family":"Yabar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Engineering on Food Industries, Universidad Nacional del Centro del Peru, Huancayo, Peru;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9","family":"Solis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Engineering on Food Industries, Universidad Nacional del Centro del Peru, Huancayo, Peru;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luis","family":"Ordo\u00f1ez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro Nacional de Epidemiolog\u00eda, Prevenci\u00f3n y Control de Enfermedades, Ministerio de Salud, Lima, Peru;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Armando","family":"Gonzalez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal and Public Health, School of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, Peru;"},{"name":"School of Public Health and Administration, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Javier","family":"Guitian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Veterinary Epidemiology, Economics and Public Health Group, WOAH Collaborating Centre for Risk Analysis and Modelling, Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"2795","reference":[{"key":"b1","series-title":"WHO Estimates of the Global Burden of Foodborne Diseases","year":"2015"},{"key":"b2","series-title":"Curr Opin Food Sci","first-page":"152","article-title":"Burden of foodborne diseases: Think global, act local","volume":"39","author":"Pires","year":"2021"},{"key":"b3","series-title":"EFSA J","article-title":"The European Union One Health 2020 Zoonoses Report","volume":"19","year":"2021"},{"key":"b4","year":"2018"},{"key":"b5","year":"2021"},{"key":"b6","year":"2022"},{"key":"b7","series-title":"Emerg Infect Dis","first-page":"7","article-title":"Foodborne illness acquired in the United States\u2014Major pathogens","volume":"17","author":"Scallan","year":"2011"},{"key":"b8","series-title":"Emerg Infect Dis","first-page":"182","article-title":"Attribution of illnesses transmitted by food and water to comprehensive transmission pathways using structured expert judgment, United States","volume":"27","author":"Beshearse","year":"2021"},{"key":"b9","series-title":"Int J Food Microbiol","first-page":"108559","article-title":"A farm-to-fork quantitative risk assessment model for Salmonella Heidelberg resistant to third-generation cephalosporins in broiler chickens in Canada","volume":"330","author":"Collineau","year":"2020"},{"key":"b10","series-title":"Risk Anal","first-page":"437","article-title":"A quantitative microbiological risk assessment for Salmonella in pigs for the European Union","volume":"36","author":"Snary","year":"2016"},{"key":"b11","series-title":"Food Res Int","first-page":"545","article-title":"Cross-contamination and recontamination by Salmonella in foods: A review","volume":"45","author":"Carrasco","year":"2012"},{"key":"b12","series-title":"Int J Food Microbiol","first-page":"243","article-title":"Dose-response modeling of Salmonella using outbreak data","volume":"144","author":"Teunis","year":"2010"},{"key":"b13","year":"2022"},{"key":"b14","year":"2020"},{"key":"b15","series-title":"Lancet Infect Dis","first-page":"1312","article-title":"The global burden of non-typhoidal Salmonella invasive disease: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017","volume":"19","author":"Stanaway","year":"2019"},{"key":"b16","year":"2018"},{"key":"b17","author":"Borgo\u00f1o Espinoza","year":"2019"},{"key":"b18","series-title":"Food Control","first-page":"109152","article-title":"Microbiological risk ranking of foodborne pathogens and food products in scarce-data settings","volume":"141","author":"Crotta","year":"2022"},{"key":"b19","series-title":"Vigilancia de Enfermedades Transmitidas por Alimentos en el Per\u00fa","author":"Rojas","year":"2008"},{"key":"b20","series-title":"The Impact of Social Ties and Third-Party Enforcement on Collective Action and Growth: Micro Evidence from Peru","author":"Keefer","year":"2019"},{"key":"b21","series-title":"Food Policy","first-page":"95","article-title":"Food safety and urban food markets in Vietnam: The need for flexible and customized retail modernization policies","volume":"54","author":"Wertheim-Heck","year":"2015"},{"key":"b22","series-title":"Handbook on Urban Food Security in the Global South","first-page":"198","author":"Young","year":"2020"},{"key":"b23","series-title":"The State of Food Security and Nutrition in the World 2021: Transforming Food Systems for Food Security, Improved Nutrition and Affordable Healthy Diets for All","year":"2021"},{"key":"b24","series-title":"Encuesta Nacional de Hogares (ENAHO) 2021","year":"2021"},{"key":"b25","series-title":"Trends Microbiol","first-page":"573","article-title":"Live and wet markets: Food access versus the risk of disease emergence","volume":"29","author":"Naguib","year":"2021"},{"key":"b26","series-title":"PLoS Med","first-page":"e59","article-title":"A space-time permutation scan statistic for disease outbreak detection","volume":"2","author":"Kulldorff","year":"2005"},{"key":"b27","year":"2017"},{"key":"b28","series-title":"Lebensm Wiss Technol","first-page":"108808","article-title":"Estimating the performance of four culture media used for enumeration and detection of Campylobacter species in chicken meat","volume":"118","author":"Andritsos","year":"2019"},{"key":"b29","author":"Ihrie","year":"2019"},{"key":"b30","author":"Salvatier","year":"2016"},{"key":"b31","series-title":"Python 3 Reference Manual","author":"Van Rossum","year":"2009"},{"key":"b32","year":"2008"},{"key":"b33","series-title":"Poult Sci","first-page":"100991","article-title":"Salmonella prevalence and persistence in industrialized poultry slaughterhouses","volume":"100","author":"Zeng","year":"2021"},{"key":"b34","series-title":"Food Control","first-page":"361","article-title":"Industry-level changes in microbial contamination on market hog and broiler chicken carcasses between two locations in the slaughter process","volume":"51","author":"Williams","year":"2014"},{"key":"b35","series-title":"Risk Analysis","first-page":"641","article-title":"Trends in reported illness due to poultry- and nonpoultry associated Salmonella serotypes; United States 1996\u20132019","volume":"44","author":"Powell","year":"2023"},{"key":"b36","series-title":"Br J Psychol","first-page":"271","article-title":"Correlation calculated from faulty data","volume":"3","author":"Spearman","year":"1910"},{"key":"b37","series-title":"Int J Food Microbiol","first-page":"29","article-title":"Estimating correlation of prevalence at two locations in the farm-to-table continuum using qualitative test data","volume":"245","author":"Williams","year":"2017"},{"key":"b38","series-title":"Emerg Infect Dis","first-page":"774","article-title":"Salmonella control programs in Denmark","volume":"9","author":"Wegener","year":"2003"}],"container-title":["The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/view\/journals\/tpmd\/111\/1\/article-p141.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/tpmd\/111\/1\/article-p141.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/tpmd\/111\/1\/article-p141.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,3]],"date-time":"2024-07-03T13:34:23Z","timestamp":1720013663000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/view\/journals\/tpmd\/111\/1\/article-p141.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,3]]},"references-count":38,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4269\/ajtmh.23-0575","relation":{},"ISSN":["0002-9637","1476-1645"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0002-9637","type":"print"},{"value":"1476-1645","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,3]]}}}