{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]],"date-time":"2026-07-29T00:20:03Z","timestamp":1785284403129,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,4]],"date-time":"2024-09-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1725408000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT.<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>This study explored the experiences of healthcare providers (HCPs) and frontline workers who were involved in an Ebola vaccine trial in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. The researchers interviewed a total of 99 participants (HCPs and frontline workers) living and working in the Boende health district during the period of the study, from February to March 2022. These individuals included a mix of trial participants and non-trial participants (staff of the trial, local health authorities, and head nurses of health centers). In-depth individual interviews, as well as focus group discussions (FGDs), were used to understand interviewees\u2019 experiences and perceptions. The data were analyzed to identify the main themes. The findings unveiled a multitude of positive experiences among interviewees\/FGD participants. The commitment of the trial investigators to improve the study site and to equip the volunteers with necessary skills and knowledge greatly contributed to a positive trial experience. However, some interviewees felt that the reimbursement for time and travel expenses during their trial visits was insufficient in comparison with their expectations. Additionally, there were expressions of worry about the frequency of blood draws during scheduled trial visits. Our findings emphasize the critical importance of addressing and continuously considering the perspectives and concerns of trial participants before designing and implementing vaccine trials. By actively incorporating their inputs, researchers can mitigate concerns and tailor communication strategies, potentially enhancing the overall success and impact of the vaccine trial.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.23-0581","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,2]],"date-time":"2024-07-02T13:18:24Z","timestamp":1719926304000},"page":"578-588","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Healthcare Providers\u2019 and Frontline Workers\u2019 Experiences of an Ebola Vaccine Trial in the Boende Health District of the Democratic Republic of the Congo"],"prefix":"10.4269","volume":"111","author":[{"given":"Tr\u00e9sor","family":"Zola Matuvanga","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for the Evaluation of Vaccination, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium;"},{"name":"Global Health Institute, Department of Family Medicine and Population Health, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium;"},{"name":"Tropical Medicine Department, University of Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Freddy Bikioli","family":"Bolombo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for the Evaluation of Vaccination, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium;"},{"name":"Global Health Institute, Department of Family Medicine and Population Health, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium;"},{"name":"Tropical Medicine Department, University of Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antea","family":"Paviotti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for the Evaluation of Vaccination, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium;"},{"name":"Global Health Institute, Department of Family Medicine and Population Health, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ynke","family":"Larivi\u00e8re","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for the Evaluation of Vaccination, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium;"},{"name":"Global Health Institute, Department of Family Medicine and Population Health, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gwen","family":"Lemey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for the Evaluation of Vaccination, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium;"},{"name":"Global Health Institute, Department of Family Medicine and Population Health, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maha","family":"Salloum","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for the Evaluation of Vaccination, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium;"},{"name":"Global Health Institute, Department of Family Medicine and Population Health, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bernard Isekah","family":"Osang\u2019ir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for the Evaluation of Vaccination, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium;"},{"name":"Global Health Institute, Department of Family Medicine and Population Health, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Junior","family":"Matangila","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tropical Medicine Department, University of Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vivi","family":"Maketa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tropical Medicine Department, University of Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emmanuel","family":"Esanga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division Provinciale de la Sant\u00e9 de la Tshuapa, Ministry of Health of the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Solange","family":"Milolo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tropical Medicine Department, University of Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patrick","family":"Mitashi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tropical Medicine Department, University of Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pierre","family":"Van Damme","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for the Evaluation of Vaccination, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hypolite","family":"Muhindo-Mavoko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tropical Medicine Department, University of Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jean-Pierre","family":"Van Geertruyden","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Global Health Institute, Department of Family Medicine and Population Health, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"2795","reference":[{"key":"b1","series-title":"Lancet Glob Health","first-page":"e1455","article-title":"Vaccination of contacts of Ebola virus disease survivors to prevent further transmission","volume":"8","author":"Doshi","year":"2020"},{"key":"b2","series-title":"Lancet","first-page":"1766","article-title":"Ebola outbreak in DR Congo","volume":"399","author":"Makoni","year":"2022"},{"key":"b3","series-title":"N Engl J Med","first-page":"1240","article-title":"Ebola virus transmission initiated by relapse of systemic Ebola virus disease","volume":"384","author":"Mbala-Kingebeni","year":"2021"},{"key":"b4","series-title":"Emerg Infect Dis","first-page":"240","article-title":"Ebola virus infection associated with transmission from survivors","volume":"25","author":"Den Boon","year":"2019"},{"key":"b5","series-title":"Emerg Infect Dis","first-page":"S210","article-title":"Lessons learned from emergency response vaccination efforts for cholera, typhoid, yellow fever, and Ebola","volume":"23","author":"Walldorf","year":"2017"},{"key":"b6","series-title":"PLoS One","first-page":"e0230406","article-title":"Impact of prophylactic vaccination strategies on Ebola virus transmission: A modeling analysis","volume":"15","author":"Potluri","year":"2020"},{"key":"b7","series-title":"Epidemics","first-page":"106","article-title":"Control of Ebola virus disease outbreaks: Comparison of health care worker-targeted and community vaccination strategies","volume":"27","author":"Robert","year":"2019"},{"key":"b8","series-title":"BMJ Open","first-page":"e046835","article-title":"Open-label, randomised, clinical trial to evaluate the immunogenicity and safety of a prophylactic vaccination of healthcare providers by administration of a heterologous vaccine regimen against Ebola in the Democratic Republic of the Congo: The study protocol","volume":"11","author":"Larivi\u00e8re","year":"2021"},{"key":"b9","series-title":"Vaccine","first-page":"3470","article-title":"Setting-up an Ebola vaccine trial in a remote area of the Democratic Republic of the Congo: Challenges, mitigations, and lessons learned","volume":"40","author":"Zola Matuvanga","year":"2022"},{"key":"b10"},{"key":"b11","series-title":"Vaccine","first-page":"7165","article-title":"Factors influencing participation in an Ebola vaccine trial among front-line workers in Guinea","volume":"37","author":"Grantz","year":"2019"},{"key":"b12","series-title":"Community engagement and vaccinations during the Ebola outbreak in Democratic Republic of Congo","author":"Carter","year":"2020"},{"key":"b13","series-title":"Soc Sci Med","first-page":"115833","article-title":"Protection, health seeking, or a laissez-passer: Participants\u2019 decision-making in an EVD vaccine trial in the eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo","volume":"323","author":"James","year":"2023"},{"key":"b14","series-title":"Lancet Infect Dis","first-page":"529","article-title":"Institutional trust and misinformation in the response to the 2018\u201319 Ebola outbreak in North Kivu, DR Congo: A population-based survey","volume":"19","author":"Vinck","year":"2019"},{"key":"b15","series-title":"Crit Public Health","first-page":"297","article-title":"\u2018Ebola is a business\u2019: An analysis of the atmosphere of mistrust in the tenth Ebola epidemic in the DRC","volume":"33","author":"Park","year":"2022"},{"key":"b16","year":"2023"},{"key":"b17","year":"2019"},{"key":"b18","author":"Atlas","year":"2023"},{"key":"b19","series-title":"Vaccine","first-page":"289","article-title":"Motivation for participating in phase 1 vaccine trials: Comparison of an influenza and an Ebola randomized controlled trial","volume":"37","author":"Cattapan","year":"2019"},{"key":"b20","series-title":"Lancet","first-page":"787","article-title":"Prevention of Ebola virus disease through vaccination: Where we are in 2018","volume":"392","author":"L\u00e9vy","year":"2018"},{"key":"b21","series-title":"Bull World Health Organ","first-page":"418","article-title":"Understandings of immunization: Some West African perspectives","volume":"86","author":"Leach","year":"2008"},{"key":"b22","series-title":"Vaccine","first-page":"1495","article-title":"Perceptions and acceptability of an experimental Ebola vaccine among health care workers, frontline staff, and the general public during the 2014\u20132015 Ebola outbreak in Sierra Leone","volume":"37","author":"Jalloh","year":"2019"},{"key":"b23","series-title":"BMJ Glob Health","first-page":"e005726","article-title":"Algorithm for the support of non-related (serious) adverse events in an Ebola vaccine trial in the Democratic Republic of the Congo","volume":"6","author":"Lemey","year":"2021"},{"key":"b24","series-title":"Antiviral Res","first-page":"171","article-title":"Vaccinating against monkeypox in the Democratic Republic of the Congo","volume":"162","author":"Petersen","year":"2019"},{"key":"b25","series-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"654","article-title":"Health-care workers\u2019 perspectives on Ebola virus vaccine: A focus group and in-depth interview interventional study","volume":"95","author":"Esangbedo","year":"2016"},{"key":"b26","series-title":"EClinicalMedicine","first-page":"101499","article-title":"COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy amongst healthcare workers: An assessment of its magnitude and determinants during the initial phase of national vaccine deployment in Nigeria","volume":"50","author":"Nomhwange","year":"2022"},{"key":"b27","year":"2022"},{"key":"b28","series-title":"PLoS One","first-page":"e10730","article-title":"What leads Indians to participate in clinical trials? A meta-analysis of qualitative studies","volume":"5","author":"Shah","year":"2010"},{"key":"b29","series-title":"Clin Pharmacol Ther","first-page":"219","article-title":"Balancing justice and autonomy in clinical research with healthy volunteers","volume":"82","author":"Kass","year":"2007"},{"key":"b30","series-title":"Contemp Clin Trials","first-page":"342","article-title":"More than the money: A review of the literature examining healthy volunteer motivations","volume":"32","author":"Stunkel","year":"2011"},{"key":"b31","series-title":"J Gen Intern Med","first-page":"1403","article-title":"Perceptions of financial payment for research participation among African-American drug users in HIV studies","volume":"22","author":"Slomka","year":"2007"},{"key":"b32","series-title":"Soc Sci Med","first-page":"455","article-title":"Informative inducement: Study payment as a signal of risk","volume":"70","author":"Cryder","year":"2010"},{"key":"b33","series-title":"Contemp Clin Trials Commun","first-page":"156","article-title":"Factors associated with clinical trials that fail and opportunities for improving the likelihood of success: A review","volume":"11","author":"Fogel","year":"2018"},{"key":"b34","series-title":"Soc Sci Med","first-page":"35","article-title":"\u201cWe are the heroes because we are ready to die for this country\u201d: Participants\u2019 decision-making and grounded ethics in an Ebola vaccine clinical trial","volume":"203","author":"Tengbeh","year":"2018"},{"key":"b35","series-title":"PLoS One","first-page":"e0152854","article-title":"Knowledge and perceptions about clinical trials and the use of biomedical samples: Findings from a qualitative study in rural Northern Ghana","volume":"11","author":"Chatio","year":"2016"},{"key":"b36","series-title":"Health Promot Perspect","first-page":"67","article-title":"Confluence of crises: COVID-19, \u201cgassings\u201d, blood draws and the continued importance of community engagement in Zambia","volume":"12","author":"Olsen","year":"2022"},{"key":"b37","series-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"497","article-title":"Drawing blood from young children: Lessons learned from a trial in Ghana","volume":"103","author":"Newton","year":"2009"},{"key":"b38","series-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"261","article-title":"Community perception and beliefs about blood draw for clinical research in Ghana","volume":"107","author":"Boahen","year":"2013"},{"key":"b39","series-title":"Lancet","first-page":"1266","article-title":"Can transnational research be ethical in the developing world?","volume":"360","author":"Farmer","year":"2002"},{"key":"b40","series-title":"Patient Educ Couns","first-page":"1041","article-title":"Patient and public involvement in research: A journey to co-production","volume":"105","author":"Price","year":"2022"}],"container-title":["The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/view\/journals\/tpmd\/111\/3\/article-p578.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/tpmd\/111\/3\/article-p578.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/tpmd\/111\/3\/article-p578.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,4]],"date-time":"2024-09-04T19:58:54Z","timestamp":1725479934000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/view\/journals\/tpmd\/111\/3\/article-p578.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,4]]},"references-count":40,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4269\/ajtmh.23-0581","relation":{},"ISSN":["0002-9637","1476-1645"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0002-9637","type":"print"},{"value":"1476-1645","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,4]]}}}