{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,18]],"date-time":"2026-10-18T05:49:22Z","timestamp":1792302562583,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene","issue":"3_Suppl","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,3]],"date-time":"2024-09-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1725321600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT.<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Sudan is endemic for multiple neglected tropical diseases, including trachoma, onchocerciasis (OV), lymphatic filariasis (LF), and schistosomiasis (SCH). In 2019, dried blood spot samples were collected for a baseline trachoma serosurvey in three localities (El Seraif, Kotom, and Saraf Omrah) in North Darfur State. None were classified previously as OV- or LF-endemic, although low levels of SCH had been identified in all three. Approximately 30 households from 25 communities in each locality were selected by multistage cluster random sampling. Collections of DBSs were analyzed by multiplex bead assay for antibodies to multiple pathogens. This paper presents data on OV (Ov16), LF (Wb123, Bm14, Bm33), and SCH (soluble egg antigen [SEA], Sm25) antibodies among 8,322 individuals from 2,119 households. The survey-adjusted seroprevalence estimates for Ov16 were &lt;0.3% in all localities. Lymphatic filariasis\u2013antigen seroprevalences were discordant. Seroprevalence estimates ranged from 4.6\u20136.0% (Wb123), 0.99\u20131.4% (Bm14), and 29.2\u201333.3% (Bm33). Schistosomiasis seroprevalence estimates among school-aged children ranged from 2.7\u20138.0% (SEA) and 10.9\u201315.6% (Sm25). Ov16 seropositivity was low and supported the localities\u2019 classification as nonendemic. The results suggested LF exposure, but discordance between antigens, challenges defining seropositivity thresholds, and the absence of programmatic guidance based on antibody serology alone for <jats:italic>Wuchereria bancrofti<\/jats:italic> indicate a need for remapping surveys to confirm transmission. Schistosomiasis antibody levels were high enough to warrant further mapping to guide treatment decisions. The lack of gold standards limited interpretation of results, particularly for LF, but in resource-challenged areas, integrated serological surveillance offers the possibility of efficient monitoring of exposure to multiple diseases.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.23-0760","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,25]],"date-time":"2024-06-25T13:32:05Z","timestamp":1719322325000},"page":"58-68","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Integrated Serosurveillance for Onchocerciasis, Lymphatic Filariasis, and Schistosomiasis in North Darfur, Sudan"],"prefix":"10.4269","volume":"111","author":[{"given":"Jenna E.","family":"Coalson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"River Blindness, Lymphatic Filariasis, Schistosomiasis, and Malaria Programs, The Carter Center, Atlanta, Georgia;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gregory S.","family":"Noland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"River Blindness, Lymphatic Filariasis, Schistosomiasis, and Malaria Programs, The Carter Center, Atlanta, Georgia;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew W.","family":"Nute","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Trachoma Control Program, The Carter Center, Atlanta, Georgia;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Erica Brook","family":"Goodhew","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory Science and Diagnostics Branch, Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Diana L.","family":"Martin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory Science and Diagnostics Branch, Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zeinab","family":"Abdalla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Programs, The Carter Center, Khartoum, Sudan;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Isam","family":"Zarroug","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Programs, The Carter Center, Khartoum, Sudan;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Soheir","family":"Gabralla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Federal Ministry of Health, Khartoum, Sudan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hassan Ahmed Hassan Ahmed","family":"Ismail","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Federal Ministry of Health, Khartoum, Sudan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"William Evan","family":"Secor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory Science and Diagnostics Branch, Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth Kelly","family":"Callahan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Trachoma Control Program, The Carter Center, Atlanta, Georgia;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Angelia M.","family":"Sanders","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Trachoma Control Program, The Carter Center, Atlanta, Georgia;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Balgesa","family":"Elshafie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Federal Ministry of Health, Khartoum, Sudan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Scott D.","family":"Nash","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Trachoma Control Program, The Carter Center, Atlanta, Georgia;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"2795","reference":[{"key":"b1","series-title":"Crossing the Billion. 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human schistosomiasis transmission","volume":"116","author":"Wood","year":"2019"}],"container-title":["The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/view\/journals\/tpmd\/111\/3_Suppl\/article-p58.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/tpmd\/111\/3_Suppl\/article-p58.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/tpmd\/111\/3_Suppl\/article-p58.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,4]],"date-time":"2024-09-04T19:54:05Z","timestamp":1725479645000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/view\/journals\/tpmd\/111\/3_Suppl\/article-p58.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,3]]},"references-count":55,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3_Suppl"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4269\/ajtmh.23-0760","relation":{},"ISSN":["0002-9637","1476-1645"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0002-9637","type":"print"},{"value":"1476-1645","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,3]]}}}