{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,21]],"date-time":"2026-07-21T05:27:08Z","timestamp":1784611628010,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,7]],"date-time":"2024-08-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1722988800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT.<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>This study examined expression of key viral nucleic acid sensor genes <jats:italic>MDA5, ZBP1,<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>AIM2<\/jats:italic> in nasopharyngeal epithelial cells and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) obtained from 153 COVID-19 patients across a spectrum of disease severity (mild, severe, and critical) and 42 healthy controls. Quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction was used to quantify and compare sensor transcript levels. The COVID-19 cohort had a mean age of 53.6\u2009years. All three sensor genes including <jats:italic>MDA5<\/jats:italic> (3.2-fold), <jats:italic>ZBP1<\/jats:italic> (5.1-fold), and <jats:italic>AIM2<\/jats:italic> (4.7-fold) exhibited significantly higher messenger RNA expression in both nasopharyngeal and PBMC samples from infected patients compared with healthy controls. Furthermore, sensor transcript upregulation positively correlated with escalating disease severity. During early stages, ZBP1 and AIM2 transcripts were selectively elevated within the nasopharyngeal compartment, suggesting a localized antiviral response. Whereas later during critical disease stages, ZBP1 and AIM2 levels became preferentially heightened within circulating PBMCs, indicating systemic immune cell activation. By comparison, MDA5 elevation manifested within nasopharyngeal epithelial cells during both early- and late-phase infection. Intriguingly, males displayed higher ZBP1 and AIM2 expression compared with females, whereas MDA5 transcript levels were conversely higher among females. Overall, escalation of these key viral sensor genes appears closely linked to COVID-19 progression, with initial nasal mucosal upregulation transitioning to widespread blood cell activation in severe systemic disease. These patterns of sensor expression suggest frontline immunological efforts to constrain early viral invasion and combat severe late-stage COVID-19 illness through innate detection of replicating SARS-CoV-2.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.24-0004","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,7]],"date-time":"2024-05-07T19:06:31Z","timestamp":1715108791000},"page":"396-402","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Association between COVID-19 Severity and Expression of Viral Nucleic Acid Sensor Genes in Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells and Nasopharyngeal Epithelial Cells"],"prefix":"10.4269","volume":"111","author":[{"given":"Zohreh-Al-Sadat","family":"Ghoreshi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, Jiroft University of Medical Sciences, Jiroft, Iran;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emad","family":"Behboudi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Khoy University of Medical Sciences, Khoy, Iran;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hedyeh","family":"Askarpour","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, Jiroft University of Medical Sciences, Jiroft, Iran;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fatemeh","family":"Raesi Nejad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Student Research Committee, Jiroft University of Medical Sciences, Jiroft, Iran;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nasir","family":"Arefinia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bio Environmental Health Hazards Research Center, Jiroft University of Medical Sciences, Jiroft, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"2795","reference":[{"key":"b1","series-title":"Mediterr J Hematol Infect Dis","first-page":"e2023042","article-title":"Sequence analysis of hot spot regions of spike and RNA-dependent-RNA polymerase (RdRp) 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