{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,14]],"date-time":"2026-07-14T06:40:35Z","timestamp":1784011235982,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,4]],"date-time":"2024-09-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1725408000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT.<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Loiasis is a rarely imported infectious disease that is often difficult to diagnose and treat. Here we describe clinical features and treatment outcomes of 11 patients with imported loiasis seen at a German reference center between 2013 and 2023. Clinical presentations varied by patient origin, with eye-worm migration and ophthalmological symptoms being more common among patients from endemic areas and Calabar swelling, subcutaneous swelling, and pruritus more prevalent among returning travelers from nonendemic regions. Eosinophil counts were higher in returning travelers. Diethylcarbamazine was most commonly used for treatment either as monotherapy in combination with ivermectin or with albendazole and ivermectin, respectively. In one patient, long-term follow-up indicated treatment failure after the first course of treatment. Another traveler was prescribed chemoprophylaxis with diethylcarbamazine after experiencing repeated infections due to long-term residence in a high-risk region in Cameroon.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.24-0022","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,9]],"date-time":"2024-07-09T13:36:58Z","timestamp":1720532218000},"page":"521-525","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Imported Loiasis at a Clinical Reference Center in Germany: A Retrospective Case Series"],"prefix":"10.4269","volume":"111","author":[{"given":"Tamara","family":"Nordmann","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Tropical Medicine, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine and I Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany;"},{"name":"German Center for Infection Research, Partner Site Hamburg\u2013L\u00fcbeck\u2013Borstel\u2013Riems, Germany;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julia","family":"Ruge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Tropical Medicine, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine and I Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dennis","family":"Tappe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Reference Center for Tropical Pathogens, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Ramharter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Tropical Medicine, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine and I Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany;"},{"name":"German Center for Infection Research, Partner Site Hamburg\u2013L\u00fcbeck\u2013Borstel\u2013Riems, Germany;"},{"name":"Centre de Recherches M\u00e9dicale de Lambar\u00e9n\u00e9, Lambar\u00e9n\u00e9, Gabon"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"2795","reference":[{"key":"b1","series-title":"Lancet Infect Dis","first-page":"E165","article-title":"The African eye worm: Current understanding of the epidemiology, clinical disease, and treatment of loiasis","volume":"24","author":"Ramharter","year":"2023"},{"key":"b2","series-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis","first-page":"e0010793","article-title":"Distinct loiasis infection states and associated clinical and hematological manifestations in patients from Gabon","volume":"16","author":"Veletzky","year":"2022"},{"key":"b3","series-title":"Travel Med Infect Dis","first-page":"366","article-title":"Imported loiasis in France: A retrospective analysis of 47 cases","volume":"11","author":"Gantois","year":"2013"},{"key":"b4","series-title":"BMC Infect Dis","first-page":"63","article-title":"Imported loiasis in France: A retrospective analysis of 167 cases with comparison between sub-Saharan and non sub-Saharan African patients","volume":"20","author":"Bouchaud","year":"2020"},{"key":"b5","series-title":"J Infect","first-page":"103","article-title":"Clinical and laboratory features of patients with loiasis (Loa loa filariasis) in the U.K","volume":"33","author":"Churchill","year":"1996"},{"key":"b6","series-title":"Travel Med Infect Dis","first-page":"713","article-title":"Imported loiasis in Italy: An analysis of 100 cases","volume":"12","author":"Gobbi","year":"2014"},{"key":"b7","series-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"607","article-title":"Clinical features of imported loiasis: A case series from the Hospital for Tropical Diseases, London","volume":"93","author":"Saito","year":"2015"},{"key":"b8","series-title":"Infect Dis Poverty","first-page":"16","article-title":"Loiasis in sub-Saharan migrants living in Spain with emphasis of cases from Equatorial Guinea","volume":"9","author":"Puente","year":"2020"},{"key":"b9","series-title":"J Infect Dis","first-page":"1318","article-title":"Loiasis in endemic and nonendemic populations: Immunologically mediated differences in clinical presentation","volume":"163","author":"Klion","year":"1991"},{"key":"b10","series-title":"Med Mal Infect","first-page":"184","article-title":"Traitement de la filariose \u00e0 Loa loa; complications, r\u00e9sultats. A propos de 100 observations","volume":"13","author":"Carme","year":"1982"},{"key":"b11","series-title":"Emerg Infect Dis","first-page":"1574","article-title":"Efficacy of high-dose albendazole with ivermectin for treating imported loiasis, Italy","volume":"25","author":"Gobbi","year":"2019"},{"key":"b12","series-title":"Bull World Health Organ","first-page":"852","article-title":"Rapid assessment method for prevalence and intensity of Loa loa infection","volume":"80","author":"Takougang","year":"2002"},{"key":"b13","series-title":"Lancet Infect Dis","first-page":"353","article-title":"Loa loa \u2013 Does it deserve to be neglected?","volume":"14","author":"Metzger","year":"2014"},{"key":"b14","series-title":"Int J Infect Dis","first-page":"e649","article-title":"Imported Loa loa filariasis: Three cases and a review of cases reported in non-endemic countries in the past 25 years","volume":"16","author":"Antinori","year":"2012"},{"key":"b15","series-title":"Clin Infect Dis","first-page":"55","article-title":"Eosinophil-associated processes underlie differences in clinical presentation of loiasis between temporary residents and those indigenous to Loa-endemic areas","volume":"60","author":"Herrick","year":"2015"},{"key":"b16","series-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"529","article-title":"Loa loa and Mansonella perstans filariasis in the Chaillu mountains, Congo: Parasitological prevalence","volume":"83","author":"Noireau","year":"1989"},{"key":"b17","series-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"383","article-title":"Performance of Field\u2019s stain compared with conventional Giemsa stain for the rapid detection of blood microfilariae in Gabon","volume":"107","author":"Ekoka Mbassi","year":"2022"},{"key":"b18","series-title":"J Glob Health","first-page":"010413","article-title":"Behavioural and clinical predictors for Loiasis","volume":"8","author":"Mischlinger","year":"2018"},{"key":"b19","series-title":"N Engl J Med","first-page":"2044","article-title":"A test-and-not-treat strategy for onchocerciasis in Loa loa \u2013 endemic areas","volume":"377","author":"Kamgno","year":"2017"},{"key":"b20","series-title":"Lancet Infect Dis","first-page":"1339","article-title":"Burden of disease in Gabon caused by loiasis: A cross-sectional survey","volume":"20","author":"Veletzky","year":"2020"}],"container-title":["The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/view\/journals\/tpmd\/111\/3\/article-p521.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/tpmd\/111\/3\/article-p521.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/tpmd\/111\/3\/article-p521.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,4]],"date-time":"2024-09-04T19:56:58Z","timestamp":1725479818000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/view\/journals\/tpmd\/111\/3\/article-p521.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,4]]},"references-count":20,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4269\/ajtmh.24-0022","relation":{},"ISSN":["0002-9637","1476-1645"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0002-9637","type":"print"},{"value":"1476-1645","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,4]]}}}