{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,10]],"date-time":"2026-11-10T02:10:30Z","timestamp":1794276630332,"version":"4.9.0"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene","issue":"5","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT.<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Substantial gains have been achieved in the control of visceral leishmaniasis (VL) in the four endemic states of India; however, cases are sporadically reported from other nonendemic regions of India such as the sub-Himalayan region, which can be a hurdle to VL elimination. We analyzed VL reports published from the sub-Himalayan regions of India over seven decades (1967\u20132023) in this systematic review. Medline, Embase, Scopus, and Web of Science were searched for VL cases from sub-Himalayan regions of India. The demographic data, clinical presentation, diagnostic modality, treatment, outcomes of the cases, and overall year-wise and geographical distribution of the cases were analyzed; studies on the sand fly vector were also included. From 535 articles, 33 studies were included in the analysis. Overall, 228 patients were diagnosed with VL in the sub-Himalayan region of India from 1967 to 2023. These cases were reported from Uttarakhand (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> = 178), Himachal Pradesh (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> = 39), and Jammu and Kashmir (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> = 11). Most patients (88.4%) did not have a history of travel outside their native places. Three pediatric cases were reported from Jammu and Kashmir. The DNA of <jats:italic>Leishmania donovani<\/jats:italic> was detected in four of the 52 (7.7%) sand flies collected from Himachal Pradesh. The published literature points toward the existence of local transmission of VL in the sub-Himalayan region of India, strongly substantiated by the emergence of pediatric VL in some places. Thus, these difficult-to-reach hilly states of India will require focused surveillance for VL to successfully achieve elimination goals.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.24-0036","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,27]],"date-time":"2024-08-27T14:29:15Z","timestamp":1724768955000},"page":"928-933","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Visceral Leishmaniasis in Sub-Himalayan India (1967\u20132023): A Systematic Review"],"prefix":"10.4269","volume":"111","author":[{"given":"Abhishek","family":"Mewara","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Parasitology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, India;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Prakasini","family":"Satapathy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Global Health Research, Saveetha Medical College and Hospital, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai, India;"},{"name":"Medical Laboratories Techniques Department, AL-Mustaqbal University, Babil, Iraq;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sunil Kumar","family":"Dhatwalia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"2795","reference":[{"key":"b1","year":"2021"},{"key":"b2","series-title":"WHO Weekly Epidemiol Rec","first-page":"267","article-title":"Kala-azar in India \u2013 progress and challenges towards its elimination as a public health problem","volume":"26","author":"Gill","year":"2021"},{"key":"b3","series-title":"Indian J Paediatr Dermatol","first-page":"12","article-title":"Epidemiology of post-Kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis","volume":"66","author":"Ghosh","year":"2021"},{"key":"b4","series-title":"J Parasit 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