{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T01:25:26Z","timestamp":1792027526276,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,6]],"date-time":"2024-11-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1730851200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT.<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Congenital transmission of <jats:italic>Toxoplasma gondii<\/jats:italic> can occur when a woman becomes infected for the first time during or just before pregnancy. <jats:italic>Toxoplasma gondii<\/jats:italic> in the fetus can lead to miscarriage, stillbirth, ocular or neurological abnormalities at birth, or progressive visual, hearing, motor, and cognitive deficiencies. The national seroprevalence of <jats:italic>T. gondii<\/jats:italic> infection in Nigeria was previously unknown. The 2018 Nigeria HIV\/AIDS Indicator and Impact Survey collected demographic, socioeconomic, and HIV-related data and stored blood specimens with consent for future analysis for other pathogens of public health importance. We evaluated toxoplasmosis seropositivity and risk factors in a sample of 44,269 women of reproductive age (WRA) between 15 and 44 years. The national <jats:italic>T. gondii<\/jats:italic> seroprevalence among WRA was 26.8% (95% CI: 25.8\u201327.7%). We found that WRA from all 36 states and the Federal Capital Territory had <jats:italic>T. gondii<\/jats:italic> exposure. Seroprevalence was higher in 25- to 44-year-olds than in 15- to 24-year-olds. A similar proportion of pregnant and nonpregnant women were seropositive. Increased odds of seropositivity were associated with unimproved toilet facilities and drinking water sources, being in a higher wealth quintile, and primary and secondary education compared with no education. Decreased odds of seropositivity were associated with living in an urban area and owning livestock. This study provides the first-ever national seroprevalence estimate for WRA in Nigeria. Although information on known risk factors for toxoplasmosis (e.g., consumption of undercooked meat, cat ownership) was not collected, future studies could further investigate potential risk factors to inform the development of effective toxoplasmosis prevention measures.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.24-0107","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,10]],"date-time":"2024-09-10T14:38:04Z","timestamp":1725979084000},"page":"1005-1014","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Seroprevalence and Risk Factors for Toxoplasma gondii Infection in Women of Reproductive Age in Nigeria in 2018"],"prefix":"10.4269","volume":"111","author":[{"given":"Dawn","family":"Blackburn","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia;"},{"name":"Epidemic Intelligence Service, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nwando","family":"Mba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nigeria Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Abuja, Nigeria;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"William","family":"Nwachukwu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nigeria Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Abuja, Nigeria;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hong","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew","family":"Hill","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew","family":"Abbott","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nishanth","family":"Parameswaran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samuel","family":"Awala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Human Virology, Abuja, Nigeria;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stacie","family":"Greby","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Global HIV and TB, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Abuja, Nigeria;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthias","family":"Alagi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Global HIV and TB, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Abuja, Nigeria;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nnaemeka C.","family":"Iriemenam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Global HIV and TB, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Abuja, Nigeria;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"McPaul I.","family":"Okoye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Global HIV and TB, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Abuja, Nigeria;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mahesh","family":"Swaminathan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Global HIV and TB, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Abuja, Nigeria;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeffrey W.","family":"Priest","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Diana","family":"Martin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anne","family":"Straily","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chikwe","family":"Ihekweazu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nigeria Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Abuja, Nigeria;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"2795","reference":[{"key":"b1","series-title":"Ocul Immunol Inflamm","first-page":"342","article-title":"Ocular toxoplasmosis in Africa: A narrative review of the literature","volume":"30","author":"Nsiangani-Lusambo","year":"2022"},{"key":"b2","series-title":"Clin Infect Dis","first-page":"845","article-title":"Foodborne toxoplasmosis","volume":"55","author":"Jones","year":"2012"},{"key":"b3","series-title":"Obstet Gynecol Surv","first-page":"296","article-title":"Congenital toxoplasmosis: A review","volume":"56","author":"Jones","year":"2001"},{"key":"b4","series-title":"J Pediatric Infect Dis Soc","first-page":"S30","article-title":"Congenital toxoplasmosis","volume":"3","author":"McAuley","year":"2014"},{"key":"b5","series-title":"Am J Transplant","first-page":"280","article-title":"Parasitic infections in solid organ 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