{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T06:35:05Z","timestamp":1790922905089,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT.<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>During the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic, alcohol-based hand rub (ABHR) availability and use increased as a prevention measure. ABHR is a convenient, effective way to kill microbes on hands but is hampered by the presence of organic material, whereas handwashing with water and soap (HWWS) can physically remove microbes and dirt. Although ABHR is preferred in most health care settings, the suitability of ABHR use in community settings has not been measured. We compared characteristics between community members and health care personnel (HCP) to inform considerations for promoting ABHR in community settings. We included data from community locations and health care facilities in Kenya and Uganda collected between 2021 and 2022. Hand dirtiness swabs were measured using the Quantitative Personal Hygiene Assessment Tool (qPHAT), a visual scale where 0 is very visibly dirty and 10 is no visible dirt. Participants were also asked about the appropriate method to use when hands were visibly dirty. Hand swabs were collected from HCP and community members. Both groups had median qPHAT scores of five. Neither the adjusted odds of having a qPHAT score less than or equal to five (1.4, 95% CI: 0.8\u20132.2) nor the adjusted odds of responding correctly to the knowledge question (0.8, 95% CI: 0.4\u20131.4) differed significantly by setting. People in community settings may, therefore, have comparable hand dirtiness and knowledge of appropriate hand hygiene practices to use ABHR as a HWWS complement. Further investigation into guidance and use of supportive messaging should be considered as completed elsewhere.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.24-0124","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,3]],"date-time":"2024-12-03T20:35:15Z","timestamp":1733258115000},"page":"441-450","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Hand Hygiene Knowledge and Hand Dirtiness Assessment to Inform Alcohol-Based Hand Rub Appropriateness in Community Settings in Uganda and Kenya"],"prefix":"10.4269","volume":"112","author":[{"given":"Christiana","family":"Hug","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Waterborne Disease Prevention Branch, Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Evelyn Makena","family":"Mugambi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Washington State University, Nairobi, Kenya;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maureen","family":"Kesande","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Diseases Institute, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Caroline","family":"Pratt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Waterborne Disease Prevention Branch, Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lorna","family":"Maru","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Washington State University, Nairobi, Kenya;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Raymond","family":"Odinoh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Washington State University, Nairobi, Kenya;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fred","family":"Tusabe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Diseases Institute, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthew J.","family":"Lozier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Waterborne Disease Prevention Branch, Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Victoria","family":"Trinies","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Waterborne Disease Prevention Branch, Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Graeme","family":"Prentice-Mott","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Waterborne Disease Prevention Branch, Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexandra","family":"Medley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexandra","family":"Kossik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Waterborne Disease Prevention Branch, Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Isaac","family":"Ngere","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Washington State University, Nairobi, Kenya;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M. Kariuki","family":"Njenga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Washington State University, Nairobi, Kenya;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammed","family":"Lamorde","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Diseases Institute, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Berendes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Waterborne Disease Prevention Branch, Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"2795","reference":[{"key":"b1","series-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health","first-page":"371","article-title":"Hand hygiene intervention strategies to reduce diarrhoea and respiratory infections among schoolchildren in developing countries: A systematic 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