{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,4]],"date-time":"2025-06-04T13:40:02Z","timestamp":1749044402218,"version":"3.41.0"},"reference-count":10,"publisher":"American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,4]],"date-time":"2025-06-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1748995200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT.<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Water quality assessments are critical for ensuring timely responses to water-related concerns, particularly in low-resource areas with limited water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) infrastructure. In collaboration with the Belize Ministry of Health and Wellness and the Ministry of Education, Culture, Science and Technology, we conducted a survey on WASH infrastructure and resources among 221 schools. We identified 65 schools across all six districts of Belize for water quality testing. Among these 65 schools, 83% had at least one water sample that did not meet the WHO\u2019s recommended free chlorine residual level for drinking water. Additionally, coliforms and <jats:italic>Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic> were detected in at least one drinking or handwashing water sample from 43 (66%) and 14 (22%) schools, respectively. These findings underscore the importance of routine water quality testing in schools to inform timely public health responses.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.24-0125","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,8]],"date-time":"2025-04-08T19:10:20Z","timestamp":1744139420000},"page":"1341-1344","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Assessment of Water Quality among Handwashing and Drinking Water Stations in Schools in Belize, 2022"],"prefix":"10.4269","volume":"112","author":[{"given":"Anh N.","family":"Ly","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Children\u2019s Hospital, Houston, Texas;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alexandra","family":"Kossik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ary","family":"Sosa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Belize Ministry of Health and Wellness, Belize City, Belize;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Uriel","family":"Sosa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Belize Ministry of Health and Wellness, Belize City, Belize;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dian","family":"Maheia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Culture, Science and Technology, Belize Ministry of Education, Belize City, Belize"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yolanda","family":"Gongora","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Culture, Science and Technology, Belize Ministry of Education, Belize City, Belize"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Russell","family":"Manzanero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Belize Ministry of Health and Wellness, Belize City, Belize;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Francis","family":"Morey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Belize Ministry of Health and Wellness, Belize City, Belize;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Melissa","family":"Diaz-Musa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Belize Ministry of Health and Wellness, Belize City, Belize;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dennis","family":"Nichols","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Adrianna","family":"Maliga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Children\u2019s Hospital, Houston, Texas;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kelsey","family":"McDavid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christina","family":"Craig","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gerhaldine","family":"Morazan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Children\u2019s Hospital, Houston, Texas;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Matthew","family":"Lozier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kristy O.","family":"Murray","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Children\u2019s Hospital, Houston, Texas;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"2795","reference":[{"year":"2017","key":"b1","article-title":"Diarrhoeal Disease."},{"key":"b2","series-title":"Int J Hyg Environ Health","first-page":"765","article-title":"Burden of disease from inadequate water, sanitation and hygiene for selected adverse health outcomes: An updated analysis with a focus on low- and middle-income countries","volume":"222","author":"Pr\u00fcss-Ust\u00fcn","year":"2019"},{"key":"b3","article-title":"Sustainable Development Goal 6."},{"year":"2020","key":"b4","article-title":"Progress on Drinking Water, Sanitation and Hygiene in Schools: Special Focus on COVID-19."},{"year":"2022","key":"b5","article-title":"World Bank Country and Lending Groups."},{"year":"2023","key":"b6","article-title":"Multidimensional Poverty in Belize."},{"article-title":"National Assessment of WASH in Schools \u2013 Belize.","year":"2011","author":"Chatterley","key":"b7"},{"year":"2022","key":"b8","article-title":"Guidelines for Drinking-water Quality: Fourth Edition Incorporating the First and Second Addenda."},{"key":"b9","series-title":"Water","first-page":"1678","article-title":"Landscape drivers and social dynamics shaping microbial contamination risk in three Maya communities in Southern Belize, Central America","volume":"10","author":"Esselman","year":"2018"},{"key":"b10","series-title":"PLoS One","first-page":"e0189089","article-title":"Optimizing household survey methods to monitor the Sustainable Development Goals targets 6.1 and 6.2 on drinking water, sanitation and hygiene: A mixed-methods field-test in Belize","volume":"12","author":"Khan","year":"2017"}],"container-title":["The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/view\/journals\/tpmd\/112\/6\/article-p1341.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/tpmd\/112\/6\/article-p1341.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/tpmd\/112\/6\/article-p1341.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,4]],"date-time":"2025-06-04T13:04:40Z","timestamp":1749042280000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/view\/journals\/tpmd\/112\/6\/article-p1341.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,4]]},"references-count":10,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4269\/ajtmh.24-0125","relation":{},"ISSN":["0002-9637","1476-1645"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0002-9637"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1476-1645"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,4]]}}}