{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,10]],"date-time":"2026-04-10T18:05:44Z","timestamp":1775844344840,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":92,"publisher":"American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,4]],"date-time":"2026-02-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770163200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT.<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Sepsis is a leading cause of neonatal mortality. Current knowledge of etiology, antimicrobial susceptibility, and outcomes provides evidence for judicious antimicrobial use. The aim for the present study was to identify etiologic organisms, antimicrobial susceptibility, and treatment outcomes at a tertiary hospital in Jos, Nigeria. A retrospective case review of neonates hospitalized for sepsis was conducted between August 25, 2017 and December 31, 2020. Clinical and laboratory data were collected from 1,984 neonates admitted, of whom 516 (26%) were diagnosed with neonatal sepsis (NNS). The clinical and blood culture data were available for 380 (74%) neonates, of whom 226 (60%) were male. The majority (63%) were diagnosed with early\n                    <jats:bold>-<\/jats:bold>\n                    onset sepsis, of whom 146 (38%) had severe sepsis. The mean age of the mothers was 29.5 \u00b1 5.5 years. Of the 207 cultures obtained, 87 (43%) yielded pure isolates, with 50 (58%) of these being Gram\n                    <jats:bold>-<\/jats:bold>\n                    positive. For neonates born outside the study hospital, 6\/36 (17%) were methicillin\n                    <jats:bold>-<\/jats:bold>\n                    sensitive, compared with 6\/44 (14%) neonates born at the study hospital. Gram\n                    <jats:bold>-<\/jats:bold>\n                    negative isolates, predominantly\n                    <jats:italic>Klebsiella pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>\n                    , grew in 36 (41%) of all positive cultures (27\/87; 31%). More organisms were sensitive to piperacillin\u2013tazobactam (19\/19; 100%), gentamicin (21\/27; 78%), imipenem (4\/8; 50%), and ceftazidime (17\/28; 61%) than to the other antibiotics tested. Mortality in all patients with proven or presumed NNS was 31\/380 (8%), with increased mortality in those without cultures (8\/71; 11% versus 39\/71; 55%). Neonatal sepsis-related mortality is high in the study center in Jos, Nigeria. Additional work is needed to mitigate NNS mortality and the rising problem of antimicrobial resistance.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.24-0127","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,20]],"date-time":"2025-11-20T17:14:57Z","timestamp":1763658897000},"page":"207-215","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Neonatal Sepsis: Etiology, Antimicrobial Susceptibility, and Treatment Outcomes in a Tertiary Hospital in Jos, Nigeria"],"prefix":"10.4269","volume":"114","author":[{"given":"David Danjuma","family":"Shwe","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Clinical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of Jos, Jos, Nigeria;"},{"name":"Department of Paediatrics, Jos University Teaching Hospital, Jos, Nigeria;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Udochukwu Michael","family":"Diala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Clinical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of Jos, Jos, Nigeria;"},{"name":"Department of Paediatrics, Jos University Teaching Hospital, Jos, Nigeria;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Patience Ungut","family":"Kanhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatrics, Jos University Teaching Hospital, Jos, Nigeria;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Henry","family":"Habila","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatrics, Jos University Teaching Hospital, Jos, Nigeria;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Olushola Emily","family":"Jeremiah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatrics, Jos University Teaching Hospital, Jos, Nigeria;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fatima Joy","family":"Baba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatrics, Modibbo Adama University Teaching Hospital, Yola, Nigeria;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ruth","family":"Adah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatrics, Jos University Teaching Hospital, Jos, Nigeria;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bose O.","family":"Toma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatrics, Jos University Teaching Hospital, Jos, Nigeria;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stephen","family":"Oguche","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Clinical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of Jos, Jos, Nigeria;"},{"name":"Department of Paediatrics, Jos University Teaching Hospital, Jos, Nigeria;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tina M.","family":"Slusher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Division of Critical Care, Global Pediatrics Program, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota;"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Division of Critical Care, Hennepin Healthcare, Minneapolis, Minnesota;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Beth K.","family":"Thielen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anne M.","family":"White","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"2795","reference":[{"key":"b1","series-title":"Lancet","first-page":"2151","article-title":"Global, regional, and national causes of child mortality: An updated systematic analysis for 2010 with time trends since 2000","volume":"379","author":"Liu","year":"2012"},{"key":"b2","series-title":"JAMA","first-page":"2357","article-title":"Neurodevelopmental and growth impairment among extremely low-birth-weight infants with neonatal infection","volume":"292","author":"Stoll","year":"2004"},{"key":"b3","series-title":"Pediatrics","first-page":"817","article-title":"Early onset neonatal sepsis: The burden of group B Streptococcal and E. coli disease continues","volume":"127","author":"Stoll","year":"2011"},{"key":"b4","series-title":"Nigeria Demographic and Health Survey 2018","year":"2019"},{"key":"b5","series-title":"Pediatrics","first-page":"e1155","article-title":"Estimating the probability of neonatal early-onset infection on the basis of maternal risk factors","volume":"128","author":"Puopolo","year":"2011"},{"key":"b6","series-title":"Pediatrics","first-page":"285","article-title":"Lateonset sepsis in birth weight neonates: The experience of the NICHD Neonatal Research Network","volume":"110","author":"Stoll","year":"2002"},{"key":"b7","series-title":"Arch Dis Child","first-page":"146","article-title":"Community-acquired neonatal and infant sepsis in developing countries: Efficacy of WHO\u2019s currently recommended antibiotics\u2014Systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"98","author":"Downie","year":"2013"},{"key":"b8","series-title":"Lancet Infect Dis","first-page":"1219","article-title":"Aetiology of invasive bacterial infection and antimicrobial resistance in neonates in sub-Saharan Africa: A systematic review and meta-analysis in line with the STROBE-NI reporting guidelines","volume":"19","author":"Okomo","year":"2019"},{"key":"b9","series-title":"Niger J Med","first-page":"130","article-title":"Current aetiology of neonatal sepsis in Jos University Teaching Hospital","volume":"13","author":"Bode-Thomas","year":"2004"},{"key":"b10","series-title":"Ann Pediatr Child Health","first-page":"1052","article-title":"High rates of bacteria isolates of neonatal sepsis with multidrug resistance patterns in Jos, Nigeria","volume":"3","author":"Onyedibe","year":"2015"},{"key":"b11","series-title":"National Population Commission. Nigerian Projected Population by State, Sex and Year","year":"2020"},{"key":"b12","series-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect","first-page":"268","article-title":"Multidrug-resistant, extensively drug-resistant and pandrug-resistant bacteria: An international expert proposal for interim standard definitions for acquired resistance","volume":"18","author":"Magiorakos","year":"2012"},{"key":"b13","series-title":"Manual of Clinical Microbiology, 8th ed","first-page":"1526","author":"Miller","year":"2003"},{"key":"b14","article-title":"Sepsis Diagnostics \u2013 Infection Prevention and Control, 1st Edition.","year":"2020"},{"key":"b15","series-title":"Performance Standards for Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing; Twenty- Fifth Informational Supplement (M100-S25)","year":"2015"},{"key":"b16","article-title":"Handbook IMCI of World Health Organization.","year":"2000"},{"key":"b17","series-title":"Lancet","first-page":"135","article-title":"Clinical signs that predict severe illness in children under age 2 months: A multicentre study","volume":"371","year":"2008"},{"key":"b18","article-title":"Management of the Sick Young Infant Age up to 2 Months: Facilitator Guide.","year":"2019"},{"key":"b19","series-title":"Pediatr Crit Care Med","first-page":"S45","article-title":"Definitions of bloodstream infection in the newborn","volume":"6","author":"Haque","year":"2005"},{"key":"b20","series-title":"South Afr J Inf Dis","first-page":"127","article-title":"Neonatal sepsis in a Nigerian tertiary hospital: Clinical features, clinical outcome, aetiology and antibiotic susceptibility pattern. 2017","volume":"32","author":"Adediwura","year":"2017"},{"key":"b21","series-title":"Niger J Clin Pract","first-page":"389","article-title":"Morbidity and mortality patterns of admissions into the Special Care Baby Unit of University of Abuja Teaching Hospital, Gwagwalada, Nigeria","volume":"12","author":"Okechukwu","year":"2009"},{"key":"b22","series-title":"IJTDH","first-page":"1","article-title":"A study of neonatal mortality in a specialist hospital in Gusau, Zamfara, NorthWestern Nigeria","volume":"28","author":"Garba","year":"2017"},{"key":"b23","series-title":"Pediatr Clin North Am","first-page":"367","article-title":"Neonatal infectious diseases: Evaluation of neonatal sepsis","volume":"60","author":"Camacho-Gonzalez","year":"2013"},{"key":"b24","series-title":"JAMA Netw Open","first-page":"e2124938","article-title":"Surveillance for colonization, transmission, and infection with methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus in a neonatal intensive care unit","volume":"4","author":"Nurjadi","year":"2021"},{"key":"b25","series-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect","first-page":"645.e1","article-title":"Emergence of community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus strains in the neonatal intensive care unit: An infection prevention and patient safety challenge","volume":"22","author":"Reich","year":"2016"},{"key":"b26","series-title":"Pediatrics","first-page":"e1015","article-title":"MRSA colonization and risk of infection in the neonatal and pediatric ICU: A meta-analysis","volume":"133","author":"Zervou","year":"2014"},{"key":"b27","series-title":"Lancet","first-page":"973","article-title":"An antibiotic policy to prevent emergence of resistant bacilli","volume":"355","author":"de Man","year":"2000"},{"key":"b28","series-title":"Pediatr Infect Dis J","first-page":"314","article-title":"Impact of empiric antibiotic use on development of infections caused by extended-spectrum beta-lactamase bacteria in a neonatal intensive care unit","volume":"27","author":"Le","year":"2008"},{"key":"b29","series-title":"Pediatrics","first-page":"717","article-title":"The association of third-generation cephalosporin use and invasive candidiasis in extremely low birth-weight infants","volume":"118","author":"Cotten","year":"2006"},{"key":"b30","series-title":"J Pediatr","first-page":"720","article-title":"Prolonged initial empirical antibiotic treatment is associated with adverse outcomes in premature infants","volume":"159","author":"Kuppala","year":"2011"},{"key":"b31","series-title":"Pediatrics","first-page":"67","article-title":"Empiric use of ampicillin and cefotaxime, compared with ampicillin and gentamicin, for neonates at risk for sepsis is associated with an increased risk of neonatal death","volume":"117","author":"Clark","year":"2006"},{"key":"b32","series-title":"Pediatrics","first-page":"58","article-title":"Prolonged duration of initial empirical antibiotic treatment is associated with increased rates of necrotizing enterocolitis and death for extremely low birth weight infants","volume":"123","author":"Cotten","year":"2009"},{"key":"b33","series-title":"J Trop Pediatr","first-page":"1","article-title":"Challenges in the diagnosis and management of neonatal sepsis","volume":"61","author":"Zea-Vera","year":"2015"},{"key":"b34","series-title":"Int J Infect Dis","first-page":"10","article-title":"Antibiotic use in Kenyan public hospitals: Prevalence, appropriateness, and link to guideline availability","volume":"99","author":"Maina","year":"2020"},{"key":"b35","series-title":"J Glob Health","first-page":"201","article-title":"Biomarkers for diagnosis of neonatal infections: A systematic analysis of their potential as a point-of-care diagnostics","volume":"1","author":"Mahbuba","year":"2011"},{"key":"b36","series-title":"BioMed Res Int","first-page":"264351","article-title":"Biomarkers for sepsis: A review with special attention to India","volume":"2014","author":"George","year":"2014"},{"key":"b37","series-title":"Lancet Microbe","first-page":"101060","article-title":"Rethinking blood culture","volume":"6","year":"2025"},{"key":"b38","series-title":"Trop Doct","first-page":"130","article-title":"A review of neonatal morbidity and mortality in Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital, northern Nigeria","volume":"37","author":"Mukhtar-Yola"},{"key":"b39","series-title":"BMC Infect Dis","first-page":"225","article-title":"Neonatal sepsis in a tertiary unit in South Africa","volume":"21","author":"Dharshni","year":"2021"},{"key":"b40","series-title":"PLoS One","first-page":"e0237085","article-title":"Neonatal sepsis at Mulago national referral hospital in Uganda: Etiology, antimicrobial resistance, associated factors and case fatality risk","volume":"15","author":"Tumuhamye","year":"2020"},{"key":"b41","series-title":"BMJ","first-page":"k5314","article-title":"Neonatal sepsis in South Asia: Huge burden and spiraling antimicrobial resistance","volume":"364","author":"Chaurasia","year":"2019"},{"key":"b42","series-title":"ANMRP","first-page":"10","article-title":"Neonatal morbidity and mortality: A 5-year analysis at Federal Medical Centre, Gusau, Zamfara State, Northwest Nigeria","volume":"2","author":"Onazi","year":"2021"},{"key":"b43","series-title":"CHRISMED J Health Res","first-page":"8","article-title":"Neonatal morbidity and mortality in a rural tertiary hospital in Nigeria","volume":"5","author":"Abdullahi","year":"2018"},{"key":"b44","series-title":"Niger J Med","first-page":"70","article-title":"Analysis and outcome of admission to the special care baby unit of Ahmadu Bello University teaching hospital, Zaria","volume":"1","author":"Ogala","year":"1996"},{"key":"b45","series-title":"Niger J Clin Pract","first-page":"321","article-title":"A 4 year review of neonatal outcome at the University of Benin Teaching Hospital, Benin City","volume":"13","author":"Omoigberale","year":"2010"},{"key":"b46","series-title":"Egypt Pediatric Association Gaz","first-page":"53","article-title":"Neonatal sepsis-A peek into our findings in Northwest Nigeria: A prospective study","volume":"72","author":"Mustapha","year":"2024"},{"key":"b1","series-title":"Lancet","first-page":"2151","article-title":"Global, regional, and national causes of child mortality: An updated systematic analysis for 2010 with time trends since 2000","volume":"379","author":"Liu","year":"2012"},{"key":"b2","series-title":"JAMA","first-page":"2357","article-title":"Neurodevelopmental and growth impairment among extremely low-birth-weight infants with neonatal infection","volume":"292","author":"Stoll","year":"2004"},{"key":"b3","series-title":"Pediatrics","first-page":"817","article-title":"Early onset neonatal sepsis: The burden of group B Streptococcal and E. coli disease continues","volume":"127","author":"Stoll","year":"2011"},{"key":"b4","series-title":"Nigeria Demographic and Health Survey 2018","year":"2019"},{"key":"b5","series-title":"Pediatrics","first-page":"e1155","article-title":"Estimating the probability of neonatal early-onset infection on the basis of maternal risk factors","volume":"128","author":"Puopolo","year":"2011"},{"key":"b6","series-title":"Pediatrics","first-page":"285","article-title":"Lateonset sepsis in birth weight neonates: The experience of the NICHD Neonatal Research Network","volume":"110","author":"Stoll","year":"2002"},{"key":"b7","series-title":"Arch Dis Child","first-page":"146","article-title":"Community-acquired neonatal and infant sepsis in developing countries: Efficacy of WHO\u2019s currently recommended antibiotics\u2014Systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"98","author":"Downie","year":"2013"},{"key":"b8","series-title":"Lancet Infect Dis","first-page":"1219","article-title":"Aetiology of invasive bacterial infection and antimicrobial resistance in neonates in sub-Saharan Africa: A systematic review and meta-analysis in line with the STROBE-NI reporting guidelines","volume":"19","author":"Okomo","year":"2019"},{"key":"b9","series-title":"Niger J Med","first-page":"130","article-title":"Current aetiology of neonatal sepsis in Jos University Teaching Hospital","volume":"13","author":"Bode-Thomas","year":"2004"},{"key":"b10","series-title":"Ann Pediatr Child Health","first-page":"1052","article-title":"High rates of bacteria isolates of neonatal sepsis with multidrug resistance patterns in Jos, Nigeria","volume":"3","author":"Onyedibe","year":"2015"},{"key":"b11","series-title":"National Population Commission. Nigerian Projected Population by State, Sex and Year","year":"2020"},{"key":"b12","series-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect","first-page":"268","article-title":"Multidrug-resistant, extensively drug-resistant and pandrug-resistant bacteria: An international expert proposal for interim standard definitions for acquired resistance","volume":"18","author":"Magiorakos","year":"2012"},{"key":"b13","series-title":"Manual of Clinical Microbiology, 8th ed","first-page":"1526","author":"Miller","year":"2003"},{"key":"b14","article-title":"Sepsis Diagnostics \u2013 Infection Prevention and Control, 1st Edition.","year":"2020"},{"key":"b15","series-title":"Performance Standards for Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing; Twenty- Fifth Informational Supplement (M100-S25)","year":"2015"},{"key":"b16","article-title":"Handbook IMCI of World Health Organization.","year":"2000"},{"key":"b17","series-title":"Lancet","first-page":"135","article-title":"Clinical signs that predict severe illness in children under age 2 months: A multicentre study","volume":"371","year":"2008"},{"key":"b18","article-title":"Management of the Sick Young Infant Age up to 2 Months: Facilitator Guide.","year":"2019"},{"key":"b19","series-title":"Pediatr Crit Care Med","first-page":"S45","article-title":"Definitions of bloodstream infection in the newborn","volume":"6","author":"Haque","year":"2005"},{"key":"b20","series-title":"South Afr J Inf Dis","first-page":"127","article-title":"Neonatal sepsis in a Nigerian tertiary hospital: Clinical features, clinical outcome, aetiology and antibiotic susceptibility pattern. 2017","volume":"32","author":"Adediwura","year":"2017"},{"key":"b21","series-title":"Niger J Clin Pract","first-page":"389","article-title":"Morbidity and mortality patterns of admissions into the Special Care Baby Unit of University of Abuja Teaching Hospital, Gwagwalada, Nigeria","volume":"12","author":"Okechukwu","year":"2009"},{"key":"b22","series-title":"IJTDH","first-page":"1","article-title":"A study of neonatal mortality in a specialist hospital in Gusau, Zamfara, NorthWestern Nigeria","volume":"28","author":"Garba","year":"2017"},{"key":"b23","series-title":"Pediatr Clin North Am","first-page":"367","article-title":"Neonatal infectious diseases: Evaluation of neonatal sepsis","volume":"60","author":"Camacho-Gonzalez","year":"2013"},{"key":"b24","series-title":"JAMA Netw Open","first-page":"e2124938","article-title":"Surveillance for colonization, transmission, and infection with methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus in a neonatal intensive care unit","volume":"4","author":"Nurjadi","year":"2021"},{"key":"b25","series-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect","first-page":"645.e1","article-title":"Emergence of community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus strains in the neonatal intensive care unit: An infection prevention and patient safety challenge","volume":"22","author":"Reich","year":"2016"},{"key":"b26","series-title":"Pediatrics","first-page":"e1015","article-title":"MRSA colonization and risk of infection in the neonatal and pediatric ICU: A meta-analysis","volume":"133","author":"Zervou","year":"2014"},{"key":"b27","series-title":"Lancet","first-page":"973","article-title":"An antibiotic policy to prevent emergence of resistant bacilli","volume":"355","author":"de Man","year":"2000"},{"key":"b28","series-title":"Pediatr Infect Dis J","first-page":"314","article-title":"Impact of empiric antibiotic use on development of infections caused by extended-spectrum beta-lactamase bacteria in a neonatal intensive care unit","volume":"27","author":"Le","year":"2008"},{"key":"b29","series-title":"Pediatrics","first-page":"717","article-title":"The association of third-generation cephalosporin use and invasive candidiasis in extremely low birth-weight infants","volume":"118","author":"Cotten","year":"2006"},{"key":"b30","series-title":"J Pediatr","first-page":"720","article-title":"Prolonged initial empirical antibiotic treatment is associated with adverse outcomes in premature infants","volume":"159","author":"Kuppala","year":"2011"},{"key":"b31","series-title":"Pediatrics","first-page":"67","article-title":"Empiric use of ampicillin and cefotaxime, compared with ampicillin and gentamicin, for neonates at risk for sepsis is associated with an increased risk of neonatal death","volume":"117","author":"Clark","year":"2006"},{"key":"b32","series-title":"Pediatrics","first-page":"58","article-title":"Prolonged duration of initial empirical antibiotic treatment is associated with increased rates of necrotizing enterocolitis and death for extremely low birth weight infants","volume":"123","author":"Cotten","year":"2009"},{"key":"b33","series-title":"J Trop Pediatr","first-page":"1","article-title":"Challenges in the diagnosis and management of neonatal sepsis","volume":"61","author":"Zea-Vera","year":"2015"},{"key":"b34","series-title":"Int J Infect Dis","first-page":"10","article-title":"Antibiotic use in Kenyan public hospitals: Prevalence, appropriateness, and link to guideline availability","volume":"99","author":"Maina","year":"2020"},{"key":"b35","series-title":"J Glob Health","first-page":"201","article-title":"Biomarkers for diagnosis of neonatal infections: A systematic analysis of their potential as a point-of-care diagnostics","volume":"1","author":"Mahbuba","year":"2011"},{"key":"b36","series-title":"BioMed Res Int","first-page":"264351","article-title":"Biomarkers for sepsis: A review with special attention to India","volume":"2014","author":"George","year":"2014"},{"key":"b37","series-title":"Lancet Microbe","first-page":"101060","article-title":"Rethinking blood culture","volume":"6","year":"2025"},{"key":"b38","series-title":"Trop Doct","first-page":"130","article-title":"A review of neonatal morbidity and mortality in Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital, northern Nigeria","volume":"37","author":"Mukhtar-Yola"},{"key":"b39","series-title":"BMC Infect Dis","first-page":"225","article-title":"Neonatal sepsis in a tertiary unit in South Africa","volume":"21","author":"Dharshni","year":"2021"},{"key":"b40","series-title":"PLoS One","first-page":"e0237085","article-title":"Neonatal sepsis at Mulago national referral hospital in Uganda: Etiology, antimicrobial resistance, associated factors and case fatality risk","volume":"15","author":"Tumuhamye","year":"2020"},{"key":"b41","series-title":"BMJ","first-page":"k5314","article-title":"Neonatal sepsis in South Asia: Huge burden and spiraling antimicrobial resistance","volume":"364","author":"Chaurasia","year":"2019"},{"key":"b42","series-title":"ANMRP","first-page":"10","article-title":"Neonatal morbidity and mortality: A 5-year analysis at Federal Medical Centre, Gusau, Zamfara State, Northwest Nigeria","volume":"2","author":"Onazi","year":"2021"},{"key":"b43","series-title":"CHRISMED J Health Res","first-page":"8","article-title":"Neonatal morbidity and mortality in a rural tertiary hospital in Nigeria","volume":"5","author":"Abdullahi","year":"2018"},{"key":"b44","series-title":"Niger J Med","first-page":"70","article-title":"Analysis and outcome of admission to the special care baby unit of Ahmadu Bello University teaching hospital, Zaria","volume":"1","author":"Ogala","year":"1996"},{"key":"b45","series-title":"Niger J Clin Pract","first-page":"321","article-title":"A 4 year review of neonatal outcome at the University of Benin Teaching Hospital, Benin City","volume":"13","author":"Omoigberale","year":"2010"},{"key":"b46","series-title":"Egypt Pediatric Association Gaz","first-page":"53","article-title":"Neonatal sepsis-A peek into our findings in Northwest Nigeria: A prospective study","volume":"72","author":"Mustapha","year":"2024"}],"container-title":["The American 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