{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T03:03:32Z","timestamp":1785380612202,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT.<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Leptospirosis is a zoonotic disease caused by the pathogenic spirochaetes of the genus <jats:italic>Leptospira<\/jats:italic>. It is a public health concern in the Pacific Islands and is considered endemic in Palau. However, information on the genotypes and serotypes of causative <jats:italic>Leptospira<\/jats:italic> spp. in the country is limited. In this study, we isolated leptospires and detected antileptospiral antibodies in dogs and pigs. The isolates were characterized using a serological method and whole-genome sequencing. <jats:italic>Leptospira interrogans<\/jats:italic> was isolated from five of the 20 symptomatic dogs and one of the 58 healthy pigs. Their serogroups were identified as Icterohaemorrhagiae and Pyrogenes; however, the serogroup of one isolate could not be determined. Anti-<jats:italic>Leptospira<\/jats:italic> antibodies were detected in 14.4% (26\/181) of the dogs and 20% (10\/50) of the pigs. The reactive serogroups in dogs and pigs were almost identical, except for the Panama serogroup. Core genome multilocus sequence typing revealed that five of the six core genome sequence types (cgSTs) were newly identified in this study. The cgSTs from the serogroup Icterohaemorrhagiae isolates belonged to the same group as the Copenhageni and Icterohaemorrhagiae serovars isolated in other countries, whereas no similar cgSTs were identified in the Pyrogenes or unidentified serogroup strains. We demonstrated a high incidence of canine and porcine leptospirosis and identified new <jats:italic>L. interrogans<\/jats:italic> genotypes (cgSTs) circulating in Palau. Further investigations are needed to determine whether dogs and pigs serve as maintenance hosts for newly identified <jats:italic>L. interrogans<\/jats:italic> genotypes and whether they pose a risk of leptospirosis transmission to humans.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.24-0129","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,25]],"date-time":"2024-06-25T13:32:10Z","timestamp":1719322330000},"page":"246-250","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Bacteriological and Serological Investigation of Leptospirosis in Dogs and Pigs in Palau"],"prefix":"10.4269","volume":"111","author":[{"given":"Ryo","family":"Suzuki","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Bureau of Agriculture, Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and the Environment, Koror, Palau;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sayaka","family":"Suzuki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Koror State Animal Shelter\/Clinic, Koror, Palau;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Obak Sherman","family":"Sato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Koror State Animal Shelter\/Clinic, Koror, Palau;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rush","family":"Alfonso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Koror State Animal Shelter\/Clinic, Koror, Palau;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christopher","family":"Kitalong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cooperative Research and Extension, Palau Community College, Koror, Palau;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yin Yin","family":"Nwe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cooperative Research and Extension, Palau Community College, Koror, Palau;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kyosuke","family":"Takabe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bacteriology I, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Masatomo","family":"Morita","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bacteriology I, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yukihiro","family":"Akeda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bacteriology I, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nobuo","family":"Koizumi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bacteriology I, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"2795","reference":[{"key":"b1","series-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis","first-page":"e0003898","article-title":"Global morbidity and mortality of leptospirosis: A systematic review","volume":"9","author":"Costa","year":"2015"},{"key":"b2","series-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"714","article-title":"Multicentre survey of incidence and public health impact of leptospirosis in the Western Pacific","volume":"101","author":"Berlioz-Arthaud","year":"2007"},{"key":"b3","series-title":"BMC Infect Dis","first-page":"147","article-title":"Leptospirosis in the Asia Pacific region","volume":"9","author":"Victoriano","year":"2009"},{"key":"b4","series-title":"Int J Infect Dis","first-page":"74","article-title":"Improvement of leptospirosis surveillance in remote Pacific islands using serum spotted on filter paper","volume":"20","author":"Musso","year":"2014"},{"key":"b5","series-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis","first-page":"e0006503","article-title":"A systematic review of human and animal leptospirosis in the Pacific Islands reveals pathogen and reservoir diversity","volume":"12","author":"Guernier","year":"2018"},{"key":"b6","series-title":"Emerg Infect Dis","first-page":"975","article-title":"Murine typhus and leptospirosis as causes of acute undifferentiated fever, Indonesia","volume":"15","author":"Gasem","year":"2009"},{"key":"b7","series-title":"Lancet Glob Health","first-page":"46","article-title":"Causes of nonmalarial fever in Laos: A prospective study","volume":"1","author":"Mayxay","year":"2013"},{"key":"b8","series-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis","first-page":"e2324","article-title":"Etiology of severe nonmalaria febrile illness in northern Tanzania: A prospective cohort study","volume":"7","author":"Crump","year":"2013"},{"key":"b9","series-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis","first-page":"e2941","article-title":"Unsuspected leptospirosis is a cause of acute febrile illness in Nicaragua","volume":"8","author":"Reller","year":"2014"},{"key":"b10","series-title":"BMC Infect Dis","first-page":"665","article-title":"Acute undifferentiated fever in India: A multicentre study of aetiology and diagnostic accuracy","volume":"17","author":"M\u00f8rch","year":"2017"},{"key":"b11","series-title":"BMC Infect Dis","first-page":"577","article-title":"Diversity of infectious aetiologies of acute undifferentiated febrile illnesses in south and Southeast Asia: A systematic review","volume":"9","author":"Wangdi","year":"2019"},{"key":"b12","series-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"1114","article-title":"Etiologies of acute undifferentiated febrile illnesses in and near Iquitos from 1993 to 1999 in the amazon river basin of Peru","volume":"107","author":"Watts","year":"2022"},{"key":"b13","series-title":"Lancet Infect Dis","first-page":"757","article-title":"Leptospirosis: A zoonotic disease of global importance","volume":"12","author":"Bharti","year":"2003"},{"key":"b14","author":"Faine","year":"1999"},{"key":"b15","series-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev","first-page":"296","article-title":"Leptospirosis","volume":"14","author":"Levett","year":"2001"},{"key":"b16","series-title":"Vet Clin Small Anim","first-page":"1091","article-title":"Canine leptospirosis","volume":"40","author":"Goldstein","year":"2010"},{"key":"b17","series-title":"Curr Top Microbiol Immunol","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-662-45059-8_6","article-title":"Animal leptospirosis","volume":"387","author":"Ellis","year":"2015"},{"key":"b18","series-title":"Epidemiol Infect","first-page":"207","article-title":"The dog in the transmission of human leptospirosis under tropical conditions: Victim or villain?","volume":"140","author":"Martins","year":"2012"},{"key":"b19","series-title":"Pac Health Dialog","first-page":"186","article-title":"A leptospirosis outbreak on Guam associated with an athletic event","volume":"9","author":"Haddock","year":"2002"},{"key":"b20","series-title":"BMC Infect Dis","first-page":"186","article-title":"Human leptospirosis in the Federated States of Micronesia: A hospital-based febrile illness survey","volume":"14","author":"Colt","year":"2014"},{"key":"b21","author":"Saville","year":"1999"},{"key":"b22","series-title":"Pac Health Dialog","first-page":"30","article-title":"Animal leptospirosis in the Federated States of Micronesia","volume":"5","author":"Simms","year":"1998"},{"key":"b23","series-title":"Inform\u2019action","first-page":"9","article-title":"Leptospirosis in Palau","volume":"8","author":"Pineda","year":"2001"},{"key":"b24","series-title":"Pac Health Dialog","first-page":"129","article-title":"The epidemiology of leptospirosis in Palau","volume":"17","author":"Stevens","year":"2011"},{"key":"b25","series-title":"J Travel Med","first-page":"422","article-title":"Imported flood-related leptospirosis from Palau: Awareness of risk factors leads to early treatment","volume":"22","author":"Matono","year":"2015"},{"key":"b26","series-title":"J Med Microbiol","first-page":"630","article-title":"Molecular and serological investigation of Leptospira and leptospirosis in dogs in Japan","volume":"62","author":"Koizumi","year":"2013"},{"key":"b27","series-title":"J Comput Biol","first-page":"455","article-title":"SPAdes: A new genome assembly algorithm and its applications to single-cell sequencing","volume":"19","author":"Bankevich","year":"2012"},{"key":"b28","series-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis","first-page":"e0007374","article-title":"Genus-wide Leptospira core genome multilocus sequence typing for strain taxonomy and global surveillance","volume":"13","author":"Guglielmini","year":"2019"},{"key":"b29","series-title":"Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob","first-page":"28","article-title":"Multilocus sequence typing method for identification and genotypic classification of pathogenic Leptospira species","volume":"5","author":"Ahmed","year":"2006"},{"key":"b30","series-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis","first-page":"e1954","article-title":"A single multilocus sequence typing (MLST) scheme for seven pathogenic Leptospira species","volume":"7","author":"Boonsilp","year":"2013"},{"key":"b31","series-title":"Infect Genet Evol","first-page":"216","article-title":"Reassessment of MLST schemes for Leptospira spp. typing worldwide","volume":"22","author":"Varni","year":"2014"},{"key":"b32","year":"2014"},{"key":"b33","author":"Nwe","year":"2021"},{"key":"b34","series-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis","first-page":"e0004405","article-title":"Human leptospirosis infection in Fiji: An eco-epidemiological approach to identifying risk factors and environmental drivers for transmission","volume":"10","author":"Lau","year":"2016"}],"container-title":["The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/view\/journals\/tpmd\/111\/2\/article-p246.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/tpmd\/111\/2\/article-p246.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/tpmd\/111\/2\/article-p246.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,7]],"date-time":"2024-08-07T12:41:12Z","timestamp":1723034472000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/view\/journals\/tpmd\/111\/2\/article-p246.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,7]]},"references-count":34,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4269\/ajtmh.24-0129","relation":{},"ISSN":["0002-9637","1476-1645"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0002-9637","type":"print"},{"value":"1476-1645","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,7]]}}}