{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,21]],"date-time":"2026-05-21T20:07:42Z","timestamp":1779394062287,"version":"3.53.1"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT.<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Leishmaniasis, a neglected tropical disease, imposes a notable health burden, especially on immunocompromised individuals such as HIV patients. Recognizing its prevalence and risk factors in specific populations is vital for effective prevention. This study in Satun Province, southern Thailand, aimed to ascertain leishmaniasis prevalence and identify associated risks among HIV-infected patients. A cross-sectional study was conducted among 650 HIV-infected individuals at a tertiary care hospital. Data on demographic characteristics, clinical parameters, and potential risk factors were collected. Individual plasma, buffy coat, and saliva samples were collected. <jats:italic>Leishmania<\/jats:italic> infection was determined using the direct agglutination test and nested polymerase chain reaction (nPCR) of nPCR\u2013buffy coat and nPCR-saliva. The association between risk factors and <jats:italic>Leishmania<\/jats:italic> infection was assessed with logistic regression analysis. The prevalence of <jats:italic>Leishmania<\/jats:italic> infection was 8.61% (56\/650). Species was identified among 20 HIV-infected patients as follows: <jats:italic>Leishmania orientalis<\/jats:italic> (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> = 14), <jats:italic>Leishmania martiniquensis<\/jats:italic> (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> = 4), and <jats:italic>Leishmania donovani<\/jats:italic> complex (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> = 2). The factors associated with <jats:italic>Leishmania<\/jats:italic> infection included age (adjusted odds ratio [OR] = 1.03), intravenous drug use (adjusted OR = 2.39), CD4 cell count &lt;500 cells\/mm<jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup> (adjusted OR = 2.40), and a viral load \u226550 copies\/mL (adjusted OR = 5.16). The prevalence of <jats:italic>Leishmania<\/jats:italic> infection among HIV-infected patients in Satun Province was considerable. These findings underscore the need for integrated care and targeted interventions to address this infection and improve public health outcomes. Further research and collaborative efforts are warranted to develop effective prevention and control strategies for <jats:italic>Leishmania<\/jats:italic> infection in the HIV-infected Thai population.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.24-0155","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,23]],"date-time":"2024-07-23T21:13:18Z","timestamp":1721769198000},"page":"462-471","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Leishmania Infection among HIV-Infected Patients in a Southern Province of Thailand: A Cross-Sectional Study"],"prefix":"10.4269","volume":"111","author":[{"given":"Chontida","family":"Jundang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"HIV Clinic, Satun Hospital, Satun Province, Thailand;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Toon","family":"Ruang-Areerate","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Parasitology, Phramongkutklao College of Medicine, Bangkok, Thailand;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mathirut","family":"Mungthin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Parasitology, Phramongkutklao College of Medicine, Bangkok, Thailand;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Saovanee","family":"Leelayoova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Parasitology, Phramongkutklao College of Medicine, Bangkok, Thailand;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wanna","family":"Tinsan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"HIV Clinic, Satun Hospital, Satun Province, Thailand;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hussana","family":"Kanoknatjamorn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"HIV Clinic, Satun Hospital, Satun Province, Thailand;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Buntharika","family":"Duangkao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"HIV Clinic, Satun Hospital, Satun Province, Thailand;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Weerayut","family":"Bubpamas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"HIV Clinic, Satun Hospital, Satun Province, Thailand;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Suradej","family":"Siripattanapipong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tawee","family":"Naaglor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Parasitology, Phramongkutklao College of Medicine, Bangkok, Thailand;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nattapong","family":"Hongsimakul","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Parasitology, Phramongkutklao College of Medicine, Bangkok, Thailand;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Supicha","family":"Sroythong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Parasitology, Phramongkutklao College of Medicine, Bangkok, Thailand;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Phakhajee","family":"Rattanalertpaiboon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Parasitology, Phramongkutklao College of Medicine, Bangkok, Thailand;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Phunlerd","family":"Piyaraj","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Parasitology, Phramongkutklao College of Medicine, Bangkok, Thailand;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"2795","reference":[{"key":"b1","series-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"534","article-title":"Leishmaniasis in Thailand: A review of causative agents and situations","volume":"96","author":"Leelayoova","year":"2017"},{"key":"b2","series-title":"Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health","first-page":"988","article-title":"Visceral leishmaniasis caused by Leishmania infantum in Thailand","volume":"39","author":"Maharom","year":"2008"},{"key":"b3","series-title":"BMC Microbiol","first-page":"60","article-title":"Multilocus characterization and phylogenetic analysis of Leishmania siamensis isolated from autochthonous visceral leishmaniasis cases, southern Thailand","volume":"13","author":"Leelayoova","year":"2013"},{"key":"b4","series-title":"J Med Entomol","first-page":"1277","article-title":"Detection of DNA of Leishmania siamensis in Sergentomyia (Neophlebotomus) iyengari (Diptera: Psychodidae) and 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