{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,30]],"date-time":"2026-10-30T14:58:36Z","timestamp":1793372316892,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT.<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    We evaluated the performance of saliva compared with nasopharyngeal (NP) swabs for the detection of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), influenza A\/B, and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) using the Roche cobas\n                    <jats:sup>\u00ae<\/jats:sup>\n                    Liat\n                    <jats:sup>\u00ae<\/jats:sup>\n                    point-of-care platform (Roche, Basel, Switzerland). Within an existing adult cohort in Guatemala, consenting participants with influenza-like illness (ILI) provided paired saliva and NP swabs, which were tested for SARS-CoV-2, influenza A\/B, and RSV on the Liat platform. Among 138 ILI episodes from 123 enrolled subjects, 35\/124 (28.2%), 5\/135 (3.7%), 6\/135 (4.4%), and 7\/135 (5.2%) samples were reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction-positive for SARS-CoV-2, influenza A, influenza B, and RSV, respectively. For SARS-CoV-2, saliva\/NP agreement was 90.3% (Cohen\u2019s kappa = 0.731); 12 (9.7%) of the samples were discordant (three saliva-positive only, nine NP-positive only); and the median cycle threshold (Ct) for saliva was higher than that for NP (26.53 versus 23.54;\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 0.005). In our setting, saliva had a lower viral load correlate (Ct) but maintained a good correlation with NP swabs for the detection of SARS-CoV-2 on the Liat platform.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.24-0184","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,27]],"date-time":"2025-05-27T13:25:52Z","timestamp":1748352352000},"page":"334-337","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Comparison between Saliva and Nasopharyngeal Swabs for the Rapid Detection of Respiratory Viruses Using the Roche Cobas\u00ae Liat\u00ae Polymerase Chain Reaction System in Rural Guatemala"],"prefix":"10.4269","volume":"113","author":[{"given":"Claudia","family":"Paiz-Reyes","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Human Development, Fundaci\u00f3n para la Salud Integral de los Guatemaltecos, Aldea Los Encuentros, Retalhuleu, Guatemala;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kareen","family":"Arias","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Human Development, Fundaci\u00f3n para la Salud Integral de los Guatemaltecos, Aldea Los Encuentros, Retalhuleu, Guatemala;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julio","family":"del Cid-Villatoro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Human Development, Fundaci\u00f3n para la Salud Integral de los Guatemaltecos, Aldea Los Encuentros, Retalhuleu, Guatemala;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"V\u00e1squez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Human Development, Fundaci\u00f3n para la Salud Integral de los Guatemaltecos, Aldea Los Encuentros, Retalhuleu, Guatemala;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Melissa","family":"Gomez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Human Development, Fundaci\u00f3n para la Salud Integral de los Guatemaltecos, Aldea Los Encuentros, Retalhuleu, Guatemala;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Neudy","family":"Rojop","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Human Development, Fundaci\u00f3n para la Salud Integral de los Guatemaltecos, Aldea Los Encuentros, Retalhuleu, Guatemala;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wanda","family":"Mejia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Human Development, Fundaci\u00f3n para la Salud Integral de los Guatemaltecos, Aldea Los Encuentros, Retalhuleu, Guatemala;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Molly M.","family":"Lamb","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, University of Colorado School of Public Health, Aurora, Colorado;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"May","family":"Chu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, University of Colorado School of Public Health, Aurora, Colorado;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Diva M.","family":"Calvimontes Barrientos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Human Development, Fundaci\u00f3n para la Salud Integral de los Guatemaltecos, Aldea Los Encuentros, Retalhuleu, Guatemala;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Edwin J.","family":"Asturias","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Human Development, Fundaci\u00f3n para la Salud Integral de los Guatemaltecos, Aldea Los Encuentros, Retalhuleu, Guatemala;"},{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, University of Colorado School of Public Health, Aurora, Colorado;"},{"name":"University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"Olson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Human Development, Fundaci\u00f3n para la Salud Integral de los Guatemaltecos, Aldea Los Encuentros, Retalhuleu, Guatemala;"},{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, University of Colorado School of Public Health, Aurora, Colorado;"},{"name":"University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"2795","reference":[{"key":"b1","series-title":"Microbiol Spectr","first-page":"e0046821","article-title":"Diagnostic performance of self-collected saliva versus nasopharyngeal swab for the molecular detection of SARS-CoV-2 in the clinical setting","volume":"9","author":"Uddin","year":"2021"},{"key":"b2","series-title":"Microbiol Spectr","first-page":"e0532422","article-title":"Diagnostic performance and tolerability of saliva and nasopharyngeal swab specimens in the 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resource-limited settings: A review of the present and future of poc in its most needed environment","volume":"10","author":"Heidt","year":"2020"},{"key":"b7","series-title":"Emerg Infect Dis","first-page":"S277","article-title":"Clinical and economic impact of COVID-19 on agricultural workers","volume":"28","author":"Olson","year":"2022"},{"key":"b8","series-title":"Adv Pediatr","first-page":"357","article-title":"The center for human development in Guatemala: An innovative model for global population health","volume":"63","author":"Asturias","year":"2016"},{"key":"b9","series-title":"J Med Internet Res","first-page":"e368","article-title":"Performance of a mobile phone app-based participatory syndromic surveillance system for acute febrile illness and acute gastroenteritis in rural Guatemala","volume":"19","author":"Olson","year":"2017"},{"key":"b10","series-title":"BMC Public Health","first-page":"1747","article-title":"Performance of existing and novel surveillance case definitions 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tropism","volume":"152","author":"Marais","year":"2022"},{"key":"b16","series-title":"J Clin Virol Plus","first-page":"100090","article-title":"From Delta to Omicron SARS-CoV-2 variant: Switch to saliva sampling for higher detection rate","volume":"2","author":"Cornette","year":"2022"},{"key":"b17","series-title":"Lancet Respir Med","first-page":"562","article-title":"Saliva as a gold-standard sample for SARS-CoV-2 detection","volume":"9","author":"Tan","year":"2021"},{"key":"b18","series-title":"J Clin Microbiol","first-page":"e0178521","article-title":"Quantitative SARS-CoV-2 viral-load curves in paired saliva samples and nasal swabs inform appropriate respiratory sampling site and analytical test sensitivity required for earliest viral detection","volume":"60","author":"Savela","year":"2022"},{"key":"b19","series-title":"JMIR Public Health Surveill","first-page":"e47453","article-title":"Profiles of cough and associated risk factors in nonhospitalized individuals with SARS-CoV-2 omicron variant infection: Cross-sectional online survey in china","volume":"10","author":"Xu","year":"2024"},{"key":"b20","series-title":"Expert Rev Mol Diagn","first-page":"515","article-title":"Performance comparison of the Cobas(R) Liat(R) and Cepheid(R) GeneXpert(R) systems on SARS-CoV-2 detection in nasopharyngeal swab and posterior oropharyngeal saliva","volume":"21","author":"Tsang","year":"2021"}],"container-title":["The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/view\/journals\/tpmd\/113\/2\/article-p334.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/tpmd\/113\/2\/article-p334.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/tpmd\/113\/2\/article-p334.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,24]],"date-time":"2026-07-24T18:58:24Z","timestamp":1784919504000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/view\/journals\/tpmd\/113\/2\/article-p334.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,6]]},"references-count":20,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4269\/ajtmh.24-0184","relation":{},"ISSN":["0002-9637","1476-1645"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0002-9637","type":"print"},{"value":"1476-1645","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,6]]}}}