{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,14]],"date-time":"2026-04-14T02:33:46Z","timestamp":1776134026857,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene","issue":"5","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT.<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>The COVID-19 pandemic has exerted a notable impact on worldwide health across diverse age groups. Although children and adolescents were initially considered less vulnerable, they have also shown susceptibility to the virus, emphasizing the importance of understanding associated risk factors. Epidemiological data reveal an increasing number of COVID-19 cases in this age group. The aim is to conduct a systematic assessment of the association between the level of vitamin D and COVID-19 infection in children and adolescents following Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. A comprehensive literature search was performed across various databases up to October 7, 2023. Studies assessing laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 patients, the level of 25-hydroxyvitamin D in serum, and clinical outcomes were encompassed. Quality assessment was performed using the Newcastle\u2013Ottawa Scale. Thirteen studies, conducted across six countries and involving 1,071 pediatric patients, were included. Vitamin D deficiency was prevalent among children and adolescents with COVID-19. Some studies suggested that vitamin D deficiency significantly increased the risk of COVID-19 infection and was linked to disease progression. Furthermore, deficiency in vitamin D demonstrated an association with increased levels of inflammatory markers, reduced lymphocyte counts, and heightened clinical symptoms, including fever and cough. Maintaining adequate vitamin D levels may be a crucial strategy for reducing COVID-19 severity and associated complications in children and adolescents. Nevertheless, there is a requirement for additional high-quality research to establish specific guidelines regarding vitamin D supplementation in this population amid the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.24-0206","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,3]],"date-time":"2024-09-03T17:20:19Z","timestamp":1725384019000},"page":"1127-1132","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Association Between the Level of Vitamin D and COVID-19 Infection in Children and Adolescents: A Systematic Review"],"prefix":"10.4269","volume":"111","author":[{"given":"Zohreh-Al-Sadat","family":"Ghoreshi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, Jiroft University of Medical Sciences, Jiroft, Iran;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Javad","family":"Charostad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Science, Yazd, Iran;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nasir","family":"Arefinia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bio Environmental Health Hazards Research Center, Jiroft University of Medical Sciences, Jiroft, Iran;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mohsen","family":"Nakhaie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gastroenterology and Hepatology Research Center, Institute of Basic and Clinical Physiology Sciences, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mohammad","family":"Rezaei Zadeh Rukerd","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"HIV\/STI Surveillance Research Center, and WHO Collaborating Center for HIV Surveillance, Institute for Futures Studies in Health, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Aryan","family":"Zandi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biological Sciences, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Seyed Danial","family":"Alizadeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Seyedeh Mahdieh","family":"Khoshnazar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gastroenterology and Hepatology Research Center, Institute of Basic and Clinical Physiology Sciences, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Faranak","family":"Salajegheh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Institute of Basic and Clinical Physiology Sciences, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"2795","reference":[{"key":"b1","series-title":"Iran J Med Microbiol","first-page":"271","article-title":"Gastrointestinal manifestations in patients infected with SARS-CoV-2","volume":"16","author":"Arefinia","year":"2022"},{"key":"b2","series-title":"Clin Lab","first-page":"4","article-title":"Association of IFITM1 promoter methylation with severity of SARS-CoV-2 infection","volume":"69","author":"Arefinia","year":"2023"},{"key":"b3","series-title":"Int Wound J","first-page":"871","article-title":"A comprehensive narrative review of the cutaneous manifestations associated with COVID-19","volume":"20","author":"Arefinia","year":"2023"},{"key":"b4","series-title":"Vaccine","first-page":"667","article-title":"Epidemiology of COVID-19 infection in young children under five years: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"39","author":"Bhuiyan","year":"2021"},{"key":"b5","series-title":"BMC Med","first-page":"1","article-title":"Epidemiological and clinical features of pediatric COVID-19","volume":"18","author":"Guo","year":"2020"},{"key":"b6","series-title":"Arch Dis Child","first-page":"429","article-title":"Why is COVID-19 less severe in children? A review of the proposed mechanisms underlying the age-related difference in severity of SARS-CoV-2 infections","volume":"106","author":"Zimmermann","year":"2020"},{"key":"b7","series-title":"Lancet Respir Med","first-page":"1209","article-title":"Prevalence of phenotypes of acute respiratory distress syndrome in critically ill patients with COVID-19: A prospective observational study","volume":"8","author":"Sinha","year":"2020"},{"key":"b8","series-title":"Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol","first-page":"276","article-title":"Vitamin D supplementation to prevent acute respiratory infections: A systematic review and meta-analysis of aggregate data from randomised controlled trials","volume":"9","author":"Jolliffe","year":"2021"},{"key":"b9","series-title":"Case Rep Pediatr","first-page":"5512668","article-title":"Vitamin D deficiency rickets and COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"2021","author":"Liyanage","year":"2021"},{"key":"b10","series-title":"Crit Rev Food Sci 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literature","volume":"41","author":"Patel","year":"2020"},{"key":"b15","series-title":"Syst Rev","first-page":"39","article-title":"PRISMA-S: An extension to the PRISMA statement for reporting literature searches in systematic reviews","volume":"10","author":"Rethlefsen","year":"2021"},{"key":"b16","series-title":"J Clin Epidemiol","first-page":"40","article-title":"PRESS peer review of electronic search strategies: 2015 guideline statement","volume":"75","author":"McGowan","year":"2016"},{"key":"b17","series-title":"The Newcastle\u2013Ottawa Scale (NOS) for Assessing the Quality of Nonrandomised Studies in Meta-Analyses","author":"Wells","year":"2000"},{"key":"b18","series-title":"Egypt Pediatr Assoc Gazette","first-page":"37","article-title":"Impact of vitamin D deficiency on the severity of COVID 19 infection in pediatrics: A cross-sectional study","volume":"71","author":"Abdelrazic","year":"2023"},{"key":"b19","series-title":"Sci 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