{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]],"date-time":"2026-07-07T04:19:55Z","timestamp":1783397995218,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":12,"publisher":"American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene","issue":"6","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT.<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>The purpose of this study was to investigate the correlation between bacterial load of <jats:italic>Chlamydia trachomatis<\/jats:italic> as measured from quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) and the relative clinical severity of trachomatous inflammation. Individuals with trachoma from rural communities in Ethiopia had photographs taken as well as swabs obtained of the upper tarsal conjunctivas. Conjunctival swabs were processed with PCR assay, which provided quantitative results of ocular chlamydial load. A series of 125 conjunctival photographs were ranked from least to most severe according to clinical severity for follicular and papillary conjunctivitis. Higher intensity rankings of trachomatous inflammation were associated with higher chlamydial load for both follicular inflammation (Spearman\u2019s \u03c1 = 0.43; <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &lt;0.001) and papillary inflammation (Spearman\u2019s \u03c1 = 0.50; <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &lt;0.001). Rankings of trachomatous inflammation may be a clinically meaningful indicator of trachoma.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.24-0319","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,1]],"date-time":"2024-10-01T14:54:42Z","timestamp":1727794482000},"page":"1256-1258","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Correlation of Clinical Severity of Trachomatous Inflammation and Chlamydia trachomatis Bacterial Load"],"prefix":"10.4269","volume":"111","author":[{"given":"Louisa","family":"Lu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Francis I. Proctor Foundation, University of California, San Francisco, California;"},{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Stanford University, Stanford, California;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ali","family":"Fauci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Francis I. Proctor Foundation, University of California, San Francisco, California;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Quintin R.","family":"Richardson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Francis I. Proctor Foundation, University of California, San Francisco, California;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hamidah","family":"Mahmud","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Francis I. Proctor Foundation, University of California, San Francisco, California;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John M.","family":"Nesemann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Francis I. Proctor Foundation, University of California, San Francisco, California;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Solomon","family":"Aragie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Carter Center Ethiopia, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dagnachew","family":"Hailu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Carter Center Ethiopia, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adane","family":"Dagnew","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Carter Center Ethiopia, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ambahun","family":"Chernet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Carter Center Ethiopia, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zerihun","family":"Tadesse","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Carter Center Ethiopia, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Taye","family":"Zeru","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Amhara Public Health Institute, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Isabel J. B.","family":"Thompson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Francis I. Proctor Foundation, University of California, San Francisco, California;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dionna M.","family":"Wittberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Francis I. Proctor Foundation, University of California, San Francisco, California;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Scott D.","family":"Nash","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Carter Center, Atlanta, Georgia;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas M.","family":"Lietman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Francis I. Proctor Foundation, University of California, San Francisco, California;"},{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, San Francisco, California"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeremy D.","family":"Keenan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Francis I. Proctor Foundation, University of California, San Francisco, California;"},{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, San Francisco, California"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"2795","reference":[{"key":"b1","series-title":"Bull World Health Organ","first-page":"477","article-title":"A simple system for the assessment of trachoma and its complications","volume":"65","author":"Thylefors","year":"1987"},{"key":"b2","series-title":"Bull World Health Organ","first-page":"698","article-title":"The simplified trachoma grading system, amended","volume":"98","author":"Solomon","year":"2020"},{"key":"b3","series-title":"Lancet Glob Health","first-page":"e87","article-title":"Water, sanitation, and hygiene for control of trachoma in Ethiopia (WUHA): A two-arm, parallel-group, cluster-randomised trial","volume":"10","author":"Aragie","year":"2022"},{"key":"b4","series-title":"Biometrika","first-page":"629","article-title":"Nonparametric measure of intraclass correlation","volume":"66","author":"Rothery","year":"1979"},{"key":"b5","series-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci","first-page":"83","article-title":"Mass treatment and the effect on the load of Chlamydia trachomatis infection in a trachoma-hyperendemic community","volume":"46","author":"West","year":"2005"},{"key":"b6","series-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis","first-page":"e0008226","article-title":"Ocular Chlamydia trachomatis infection and infectious load among pre-school aged children within trachoma hyperendemic districts receiving the SAFE strategy, Amhara region, Ethiopia","volume":"14","author":"Nash","year":"2020"},{"key":"b7","series-title":"Lancet","first-page":"198","article-title":"Strategies for control of trachoma: Observational study with quantitative PCR","volume":"362","author":"Solomon","year":"2003"},{"key":"b8","series-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci","first-page":"4215","article-title":"Which members of a community need antibiotics to control trachoma? Conjunctival Chlamydia trachomatis infection load in Gambian villages","volume":"44","author":"Burton","year":"2003"},{"key":"b9","series-title":"J Infect Dis","first-page":"1524","article-title":"Severe disease in children with trachoma is associated with persistent Chlamydia trachomatis infection","volume":"176","author":"Bobo","year":"1997"},{"key":"b10","series-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis","first-page":"e0004859","article-title":"Blinding trachoma: Systematic review of rates and risk factors for progressive disease","volume":"10","author":"Ramadhani","year":"2016"},{"key":"b11","series-title":"Ophthalmic Epidemiol","first-page":"137","article-title":"Progression of active trachoma to scarring in a cohort of Tanzanian children","volume":"8","author":"West","year":"2001"},{"key":"b12","series-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis","first-page":"e0007638","article-title":"Progression of scarring trachoma in Tanzanian children: A four-year cohort study","volume":"13","author":"Ramadhani","year":"2019"}],"container-title":["The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/view\/journals\/tpmd\/111\/6\/article-p1256.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/tpmd\/111\/6\/article-p1256.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/tpmd\/111\/6\/article-p1256.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,4]],"date-time":"2024-12-04T15:28:48Z","timestamp":1733326128000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/view\/journals\/tpmd\/111\/6\/article-p1256.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,4]]},"references-count":12,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4269\/ajtmh.24-0319","relation":{},"ISSN":["0002-9637","1476-1645"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0002-9637","type":"print"},{"value":"1476-1645","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,4]]}}}