{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,5]],"date-time":"2025-06-05T04:12:32Z","timestamp":1749096752763,"version":"3.41.0"},"reference-count":17,"publisher":"American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,4]],"date-time":"2025-06-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1748995200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT.<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>After mass drug administration (MDA) for lymphatic filariasis, which involved a single coadministered dose of ivermectin plus diethylcarbamazine and albendazole (IDA), concerns arose regarding individuals who remained microfilaremic. This situation raised questions about the efficacy of the drugs and whether some individuals had not ingested them. In East New Britain Province, Papua New Guinea (PNG), where 81.7% of the population received IDA, 10 individuals were found to have microfilaremia 12 months after the first round of MDA in an area that had a high baseline of microfilaremia (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> = 29 microfilariae [Mf] positive pre-MDA). Of these 10 individuals, 7 reported having taken the IDA medication. When Mf detection was repeated 18 months later, all 10 individuals remained Mf positive. Additionally, three more Mf-positive household members were identified, and they also reported taking the IDA. These Mf-positive individuals were then retreated with IDA under direct observation. At 7 and\/or 14 months after retreatment, all initially Mf-positive individuals, except for one, were found to be Mf free. Upon further questioning, it was revealed that all but one individual admitted to not taking the initial MDA. Thus, IDA effectively clears Mf in this region of PNG, and the persistent microfilaremia after MDA is primarily because of individuals failing to take the medications as prescribed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.24-0382","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,25]],"date-time":"2025-03-25T14:47:45Z","timestamp":1742914065000},"page":"1235-1239","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Evaluation of Microfilaremic Individuals after Mass Drug Treatment with Ivermectin, Diethylcarbamazine, and Albendazole for Lymphatic Filariasis in Papua New Guinea"],"prefix":"10.4269","volume":"112","author":[{"given":"Joycelyn","family":"Salo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Papua New Guinea Institute of Medical Research, Goroka, Papua New Guinea;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Simon","family":"Westby","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Papua New Guinea Institute of Medical Research, Goroka, Papua New Guinea;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ronnie","family":"Wakol","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Papua New Guinea Institute of Medical Research, Goroka, Papua New Guinea;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nelly","family":"Sanuku","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Papua New Guinea Institute of Medical Research, Goroka, Papua New Guinea;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Krufinta","family":"Bun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Papua New Guinea Institute of Medical Research, Goroka, Papua New Guinea;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Moses","family":"Laman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Papua New Guinea Institute of Medical Research, Goroka, Papua New Guinea;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christopher L.","family":"King","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Global Health and Diseases, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio;"},{"name":"Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"2795","reference":[{"year":"2022","key":"b1","article-title":"Global Programme to Eliminate Lymphatic Filariasis: Progress Report, 2021. Weekly Epidemiological Record."},{"key":"b2","series-title":"Clin Infect Dis","first-page":"e68","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of a single dose of ivermectin, diethylcarbamazine, and albendazole for treatment of lymphatic filariasis in Cote d\u2019Ivoire: An open-label randomized controlled trial","volume":"71","author":"Bjerum","year":"2020"},{"key":"b3","series-title":"N Engl J Med","first-page":"1801","article-title":"A trial of a triple-drug treatment for lymphatic filariasis","volume":"379","author":"King","year":"2018"},{"key":"b4","series-title":"Clin Infect Dis","first-page":"334","article-title":"Efficacy, safety, and pharmacokinetics of coadministered diethylcarbamazine, albendazole, and ivermectin for treatment of Bancroftian filariasis","volume":"62","author":"Thomsen","year":"2016"},{"year":"2017","series-title":"Guideline: Alternative Mass Drug Administration Regimens to Eliminate Lymphatic Filariasis","key":"b5"},{"key":"b6","series-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis","first-page":"e0008298","article-title":"Safety and efficacy of co-administered diethylcarbamazine, albendazole and ivermectin during mass drug administration for lymphatic filariasis in Haiti: Results from a two-armed, open-label, cluster-randomized, community study","volume":"14","author":"Dubray","year":"2020"},{"key":"b7","series-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis","first-page":"e0009069","article-title":"An open label, block randomized, community study of the safety and efficacy of co-administered ivermectin, diethylcarbamazine plus albendazole vs. diethylcarbamazine plus albendazole for lymphatic filariasis in India","volume":"15","author":"Jambulingam","year":"2021"},{"key":"b8","series-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis","first-page":"e0009294","article-title":"An open label, randomized clinical trial to compare the tolerability and efficacy of ivermectin plus diethylcarbamazine and albendazole vs. diethylcarbamazine plus albendazole for treatment of brugian filariasis in Indonesia","volume":"15","author":"Supali","year":"2021"},{"key":"b9","series-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis","first-page":"e0010096","article-title":"Safety and efficacy of mass drug administration with a single-dose triple-drug regimen of albendazole + diethylcarbamazine + ivermectin for lymphatic filariasis in Papua New Guinea: An open-label, cluster-randomised trial","volume":"16","author":"Tavul","year":"2022"},{"key":"b10","series-title":"Clin Infect Dis","first-page":"994","article-title":"Individual efficacy and community impact of ivermectin, diethylcarbamazine, and albendazole mass drug administration for lymphatic filariasis control in Fiji: A cluster randomized trial","volume":"73","author":"Hardy","year":"2021"},{"key":"b11","series-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"123","article-title":"Vectors of Wuchereria bancrofti in the Sepik provinces of Papua New Guinea","volume":"80","author":"Bryan","year":"1986"},{"key":"b12","series-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis","first-page":"e0012128","article-title":"Alternative approaches for monitoring and evaluation of lymphatic filariasis following mass drug treatment with ivermectin, diethylcarbamazine and albendazole in East New Britain Province, Papua New Guinea","volume":"19","author":"Bun","year":"2025"},{"key":"b13","series-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis","first-page":"e0007541","article-title":"Dosing pole recommendations for lymphatic filariasis elimination: A height-weight quantile regression modeling approach","volume":"13","author":"Goss","year":"2019"},{"year":"2019","series-title":"Diagnostic TPP for Lymphatic Filariasis to Support Decisions for Stopping Triple-Therapy Mass Drug Administration","key":"b14"},{"key":"b15","series-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis","first-page":"e0008927","article-title":"Lymphatic filariasis epidemiology in Samoa in 2018: Geographic clustering and higher antigen prevalence in older age groups","volume":"14","author":"Lau","year":"2020"},{"key":"b16","series-title":"Int Health","first-page":"S60","article-title":"A triple-drug treatment regimen to accelerate elimination of lymphatic filariasis: From conception to delivery","volume":"13","author":"Weil","year":"2020"},{"key":"b17","series-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis","first-page":"e0012236","article-title":"Ongoing transmission of lymphatic filariasis in Samoa 4.5 years after one round of triple-drug mass drug administration","volume":"18","author":"Mayfield","year":"2024"}],"container-title":["The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and 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