{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,16]],"date-time":"2026-01-16T20:49:54Z","timestamp":1768596594833,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":19,"publisher":"American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,2]],"date-time":"2025-04-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1743552000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT.<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL), a parasitic disease caused by <jats:italic>Leishmania aethiopica<\/jats:italic>, is a major health problem in Ethiopia. It presents mostly as three different clinical forms: localized CL characterized by small lesions that ulcerate; diffuse CL defined by multiple nonulcerating nodules; and mucocutaneous leishmaniasis, where the mucosa of the nose or the mouth is affected. The mechanisms resulting in the development of these different clinical presentation are still poorly understood. Here, we recruited a cohort of CL patients presenting with different forms of CL in northwest Ethiopia as well as cohort of healthy nonendemic controls. We assessed the capacity of whole blood cells from these cohorts to produce cytokines in response to soluble <jats:italic>L. aethiopica<\/jats:italic> antigen and compared these levels between the different clinical presentations of CL and healthy nonendemic controls. Our results show that the levels of antigen-specific cytokines produced by whole blood cells from CL patients were higher as compared with controls. However, these cytokine levels were similar among the different clinical presentations. In conclusion, the results of our study indicate that variations in clinical manifestations of CL are not associated with differences in antigen-specific cytokine profiles.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.24-0581","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,11]],"date-time":"2025-02-11T16:24:08Z","timestamp":1739291048000},"page":"749-752","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Cytokine Production in Response to Soluble Leishmania Aethiopica Antigen by Whole Blood Cells from Patients with Different Clinical Presentations of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis"],"prefix":"10.4269","volume":"112","author":[{"given":"Bizuayehu","family":"Gashaw","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Amhara Public Health Institute, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia;"},{"name":"Department of Biology, College of Science, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Endalew","family":"Yizengaw","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Amhara Public Health Institute, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia;"},{"name":"Department of Medical Laboratory Science, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia;"},{"name":"Institute of Biotechnology, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Edward","family":"Cruz Cervera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Endalkachew","family":"Nibret","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, College of Science, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia;"},{"name":"Institute of Biotechnology, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dessalegn","family":"Tamiru","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nefas Mewcha Hospital, Lay Gayint, Ethiopia;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ingrid","family":"M\u00fcller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"James A.","family":"Cotton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biodiversity, One Health and Veterinary Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yegnasew","family":"Takele","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pascale","family":"Kropf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"2795","reference":[{"key":"b1","series-title":"Infect Dis Poverty","first-page":"76","article-title":"Investigation of parasite genetic variation and systemic immune responses in patients presenting with different clinical presentations of cutaneous leishmaniasis caused by Leishmania aethiopica","volume":"13","author":"Yizengaw","year":"2024"},{"key":"b2","series-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis","first-page":"e0012409","article-title":"Demographic characteristics and clinical features of patients presenting with different forms of cutaneous leishmaniasis, in Lay Gayint, Northern Ethiopia","volume":"18","author":"Yizengaw","year":"2024"},{"key":"b3","series-title":"Am J Trop Med 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Microbiol","first-page":"431","article-title":"Comparison of cytokine profile of IFN-\u03b3, IL-5 and IL-10 in cutaneous leishmaniasis using PBMC vs. whole blood","volume":"11","author":"Mohammadi","year":"2019"},{"key":"b8","series-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis","first-page":"e1947","article-title":"IFN-\u03b3 production to Leishmania antigen supplements the Leishmania skin test in identifying exposure to L. braziliensis infection","volume":"6","author":"Schnorr","year":"2012"},{"key":"b9","series-title":"Annu Rev Immunol","first-page":"51","article-title":"Cytokine regulation and function in T cells","volume":"39","author":"Dong","year":"2021"},{"key":"b10","series-title":"Cytokine","first-page":"7","article-title":"Human monocytes produce interferon-gamma upon stimulation with LPS","volume":"67","author":"Kraaij","year":"2014"},{"key":"b11","series-title":"J Immunol Res","first-page":"1079851","article-title":"TNF-\u03b1 autocrine feedback loops in human monocytes: The pro- and anti-inflammatory roles of the TNF-\u03b1 receptors support the concept of selective TNFR1 blockade in\u00a0vivo","volume":"2016","author":"Gane","year":"2016"},{"key":"b12","series-title":"Front Immunol","first-page":"730672","article-title":"Production of IL-6 and phagocytosis are the most resilient immune functions in metabolically compromised human monocytes","volume":"12","author":"Krauss","year":"2021"},{"key":"b13","series-title":"J Clin Invest","first-page":"5305","article-title":"IL-12-producing monocytes and HLA-E control HCMV-driven NKG2C+ NK cell expansion","volume":"124","author":"R\u00f6lle","year":"2014"},{"key":"b14","series-title":"J Exp Med","first-page":"e20190418","article-title":"Biology and therapeutic potential of interleukin-10","volume":"217","author":"Saraiva","year":"2020"},{"key":"b15","series-title":"Acta Trop","first-page":"105967","article-title":"Enhanced activation of blood neutrophils and monocytes in patients with Ethiopian localized cutaneous leishmaniasis in response to Leishmania aethiopica neutrophil activation in Ethiopian cutaneous leishmaniasis","volume":"220","author":"Chanyalew","year":"2021"},{"key":"b16","series-title":"Braz J Med Biol Res","first-page":"139","article-title":"Immunologic patterns associated with cure in human American cutaneous leishmaniasis","volume":"31","author":"Coutinho","year":"1998"},{"key":"b17","series-title":"Front Immunol","first-page":"974051","article-title":"Distinct plasma chemokines and cytokines signatures in Leishmania guyanensis-infected patients with cutaneous leishmaniasis","volume":"13","author":"de Mesquita","year":"2022"},{"key":"b18","series-title":"Clin Diagn Lab Immunol","first-page":"251","article-title":"T-cell-mediated immune responses in patients with cutaneous or mucosal leishmaniasis: Long-term evaluation after therapy","volume":"9","author":"Da-Cruz","year":"2002"},{"key":"b19","series-title":"Infect Immun","first-page":"6734","article-title":"Up-regulation of Th1-type responses in mucosal leishmaniasis patients","volume":"70","author":"Bacellar","year":"2002"}],"container-title":["The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/view\/journals\/tpmd\/112\/4\/article-p749.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/tpmd\/112\/4\/article-p749.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/tpmd\/112\/4\/article-p749.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,2]],"date-time":"2025-04-02T13:40:35Z","timestamp":1743601235000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/view\/journals\/tpmd\/112\/4\/article-p749.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,2]]},"references-count":19,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4269\/ajtmh.24-0581","relation":{},"ISSN":["0002-9637","1476-1645"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0002-9637","type":"print"},{"value":"1476-1645","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,2]]}}}