{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,3]],"date-time":"2025-12-03T14:02:05Z","timestamp":1764770525314,"version":"3.46.0"},"reference-count":13,"publisher":"American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene","issue":"6","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT.<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Distribution of azithromycin to children ages 0\u20139 years old is an established strategy for treating and preventing trachoma. Our study aimed to determine whether the order in which children show up for trachoma screening is correlated with their infection status. We used baseline visit data from the study Kebele Elimination of Trachoma for Ocular Health in Ethiopia. All children ages 0\u20139 years old in 20 randomly selected villages were tested for ocular\n                    <jats:italic>Chlamydia trachomatis<\/jats:italic>\n                    with polymerase chain reaction. We used mixed effects logistic regression to estimate the odds ratio (OR) of trachoma positivity on presentation day 1 versus later, with village as a random effect. There was no statistical difference between infection prevalence among children measured on day 1 versus those measured during the following days (OR = 0.89-fold, 95% CI: 0.65- to 1.21-fold,\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 0.44), indicating that presentation order is not a considerable factor in highly prevalent regions.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.24-0582","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,30]],"date-time":"2025-09-30T14:49:03Z","timestamp":1759243743000},"page":"1345-1347","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Are Children Least Engaged with Health Care More Likely to Have Trachoma?"],"prefix":"10.4269","volume":"113","author":[{"given":"Emmanuel","family":"Agu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Francis I. Proctor Foundation, University of California, San Francisco, California;"},{"name":"School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Awraris Hailu","family":"Bilchut","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health, Debre Berhan University, Debre Berhan, Ethiopia;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Esmael","family":"Habtamu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"V\u00e9t\u00e9rinaires Sans Fronti\u00e8res Germany Country Office Addis Ababa, Addis Abada, Ethiopia;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yeshigeta","family":"Gelaw","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medical Health Sciences, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Aemero Abateneh","family":"Mengesha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medical Health Sciences, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Belay","family":"Beyene","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Amhara Public Health Institute, Amhara Region, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ambahun","family":"Chernet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Carter Center Ethiopia, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ian","family":"Fetterman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Francis I. Proctor Foundation, University of California, San Francisco, California;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Huiyu","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Francis I. Proctor Foundation, University of California, San Francisco, California;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hadley","family":"Burroughs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Francis I. Proctor Foundation, University of California, San Francisco, California;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Renee F. N.","family":"Casentini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Francis I. Proctor Foundation, University of California, San Francisco, California;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Seth","family":"Blumberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Francis I. Proctor Foundation, University of California, San Francisco, California;"},{"name":"Division of Hospital Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Deiner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Francis I. Proctor Foundation, University of California, San Francisco, California;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ariktha","family":"Srivathsan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Francis I. Proctor Foundation, University of California, San Francisco, California;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Milan","family":"Hilde-Jones","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Francis I. Proctor Foundation, University of California, San Francisco, California;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Travis C.","family":"Porco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Francis I. Proctor Foundation, University of California, San Francisco, California;"},{"name":"School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California;"},{"name":"Department of Public Health, Debre Berhan University, Debre Berhan, Ethiopia;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jessica","family":"Shantha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Francis I. Proctor Foundation, University of California, San Francisco, California;"},{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, San Francisco, California;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Scott D.","family":"Nash","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Carter Center, Atlanta, Georgia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Benjamin F.","family":"Arnold","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Francis I. Proctor Foundation, University of California, San Francisco, California;"},{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, San Francisco, California;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Catherine E.","family":"Oldenburg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Francis I. Proctor Foundation, University of California, San Francisco, California;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Thomas M.","family":"Lietman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Francis I. Proctor Foundation, University of California, San Francisco, California;"},{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, San Francisco, California;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"2795","reference":[{"year":"2006","series-title":"Trachoma Control: A Guide for Programme Managers","author":"Solomon","key":"b1"},{"key":"b2","series-title":"Lancet","first-page":"223","article-title":"Trachoma","volume":"362","author":"Mabey","year":"2003"},{"key":"b3","series-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"1278","article-title":"Twelve-year longitudinal trends in trachoma prevalence among children aged 1\u20139 years in Amhara, Ethiopia, 2007\u20132019","volume":"104","author":"Sata","year":"2021"},{"key":"b4","series-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis","first-page":"e1983","article-title":"The easiest children to reach are most likely to be infected with ocular Chlamydia trachomatis in trachoma endemic areas of Niger","volume":"7","author":"Amza","year":"2013"},{"key":"b5","series-title":"Trop Med Int Health","first-page":"392","article-title":"Chlamydial infection during trachoma monitoring: Are the most difficult-to-reach children more likely to be infected?","volume":"17","author":"Keenan","year":"2012"},{"year":"2024","key":"b6","article-title":"Kebele Elimination of Trachoma for Ocular Health."},{"key":"b7","series-title":"Bull World Health Organ","first-page":"477","article-title":"A simple system for the assessment of trachoma and its complications","volume":"65","author":"Thylefors","year":"1987"},{"key":"b8","series-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"105","article-title":"The epidemiology of ocular Chlamydia trachomatis infection within districts persistently endemic for trachoma in Amhara, Ethiopia","volume":"111","author":"Nash","year":"2024"},{"article-title":"dplyr: A Grammar of Data Manipulation.","year":"2023","author":"Wickham","key":"b9"},{"year":"2023","key":"b10","article-title":"R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing."},{"year":"2002","series-title":"Modern Applied Statistics with S: Fourth Edition","author":"Venables","key":"b11"},{"key":"b12","series-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis","first-page":"e3098","article-title":"Non-participation during azithromycin mass treatment for trachoma in The Gambia: Heterogeneity and risk factors","volume":"8","author":"Edwards","year":"2014"},{"key":"b13","series-title":"Parasit Vectors","first-page":"29","article-title":"Compliance with anthelmintic treatment in the neglected tropical diseases control programmes: A systematic review","volume":"9","author":"Shuford","year":"2016"}],"container-title":["The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/view\/journals\/tpmd\/113\/6\/article-p1345.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/tpmd\/113\/6\/article-p1345.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/tpmd\/113\/6\/article-p1345.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,3]],"date-time":"2025-12-03T13:32:09Z","timestamp":1764768729000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/view\/journals\/tpmd\/113\/6\/article-p1345.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,3]]},"references-count":13,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4269\/ajtmh.24-0582","relation":{},"ISSN":["0002-9637","1476-1645"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0002-9637"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1476-1645"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,3]]}}}