{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,13]],"date-time":"2026-03-13T07:25:54Z","timestamp":1773386754985,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene","issue":"5","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT.<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Mucosal leishmaniasis (ML) is a parasitic disease affecting the mucosa of the upper respiratory tract and oral cavity. It is most prevalent in Central and South America, whereas cases in the Old World are relatively rare. Herein, we present the case of an immunocompetent man from Tunisia with a long-delayed diagnosis of ML, characterized by lesions in the nasal mucosa without cutaneous involvement. This report underlines the importance of multidisciplinary care and adherence to follow-up in managing this disease. Clinicians should remain vigilant regarding this parasitosis, its potential complications, and the need for accurate diagnosis and treatment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.24-0592","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,18]],"date-time":"2025-02-18T13:26:53Z","timestamp":1739885213000},"page":"966-969","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Mucosal Leishmaniasis in Tunisia: Observations from a Rare Case Report"],"prefix":"10.4269","volume":"112","author":[{"given":"Hamed","family":"Chouaieb","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Parasitology - Mycology, Farhat Hached University Hospital, Sousse, Tunisia;"},{"name":"Parasitology-Mycology Department, Avicenne Hospital, AP-HP, Bobigny, Sorbonne Paris Nord University, Bobigny, France;"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, University of Sousse, Sousse, Tunisia;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mohammad","family":"Akhoundi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Parasitology-Mycology Department, Avicenne Hospital, AP-HP, Bobigny, Sorbonne Paris Nord University, Bobigny, France;"},{"name":"Unit\u00e9 des Virus \u00c9mergents (UVE: Aix-Marseille Univ, Universit\u00e0 di Corsica), Marseille, France;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Malika El","family":"Omri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, University of Sousse, Sousse, Tunisia;"},{"name":"Department of Ear, Nose, Throat and Head and Neck Surgery, Farhat Hached University Hospital, Sousse, Tunisia;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Samar","family":"Ismail","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Parasitology - Mycology, Farhat Hached University Hospital, Sousse, Tunisia;"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, University of Sousse, Sousse, Tunisia;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Imen","family":"Khammari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Parasitology - Mycology, Farhat Hached University Hospital, Sousse, Tunisia;"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, University of Sousse, Sousse, Tunisia;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Foued","family":"Bellazreg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, University of Sousse, Sousse, Tunisia;"},{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, Farhat Hached University Hospital, Sousse, Tunisia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mouna","family":"Bellakhdher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, University of Sousse, Sousse, Tunisia;"},{"name":"Department of Ear, Nose, Throat and Head and Neck Surgery, Farhat Hached University Hospital, Sousse, Tunisia;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mohamed","family":"Abdelkefi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, University of Sousse, Sousse, Tunisia;"},{"name":"Department of Ear, Nose, Throat and Head and Neck Surgery, Farhat Hached University Hospital, Sousse, Tunisia;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wissem","family":"Hachfi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, University of Sousse, Sousse, Tunisia;"},{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, Farhat Hached University Hospital, Sousse, Tunisia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Akila","family":"Fathallah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Parasitology - Mycology, Farhat Hached University Hospital, Sousse, Tunisia;"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, University of Sousse, Sousse, Tunisia;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"2795","reference":[{"key":"b1","series-title":"First WHO Report on Neglected Disease","year":"2010"},{"key":"b2","series-title":"Actas Dermosifiliogr","first-page":"601","article-title":"Cutaneous and mucocutaneous leishmaniasis","volume":"112","author":"Abad\u00edas-Granado","year":"2021"},{"key":"b3","series-title":"Lesihmaniasis","year":"2023"},{"key":"b4","series-title":"Braz J Otorhinolaryngol","first-page":"843","article-title":"Mucosal leishmaniasis: Epidemiological and clinical aspects","volume":"73","author":"Miranda Lessa","year":"2007"},{"key":"b5","series-title":"Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther","first-page":"419","article-title":"Current diagnosis and treatment of cutaneous and mucocutaneous leishmaniasis","volume":"8","author":"Goto","year":"2010"},{"key":"b6","series-title":"Curr Trop Med Rep","first-page":"121","article-title":"A review of leishmaniasis: Current knowledge and future directions","volume":"8","author":"Mann","year":"2021"},{"key":"b7","series-title":"Medicine (Baltimore)","first-page":"147","article-title":"Localized mucosal leishmaniasis due to Leishmania (Leishmania) infantum: Clinical and microbiologic findings in 31 patients","volume":"82","author":"Aliaga","year":"2003"},{"key":"b8","series-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis","first-page":"e0009863","article-title":"Clinical diversity and treatment results in tegumentary leishmaniasis: A European clinical report in 459 patients","volume":"15","author":"Guery","year":"2021"},{"key":"b9","series-title":"Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett\u2019s Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases","author":"Bennett","year":"2015"},{"key":"b10","series-title":"Biomed Res Int","first-page":"805108","article-title":"Mucosal leishmaniasis: An underestimated presentation of a neglected disease","volume":"2013","author":"Strazzulla","year":"2013"},{"key":"b11","series-title":"Pathogens","first-page":"1116","article-title":"Overcoming the negligence in laboratory diagnosis of mucosal leishmaniasis","volume":"10","author":"Cantanh\u00eade","year":"2021"},{"key":"b12","series-title":"Front Microbiol","first-page":"958693","article-title":"Novel CRISPR-based detection of Leishmania species","volume":"13","author":"Due\u00f1as","year":"2022"},{"key":"b13","series-title":"Rev Soc Bras Med Trop","first-page":"e20180292","article-title":"A randomized, open-label clinical trial comparing the long-term effects of miltefosine and meglumine antimoniate for mucosal leishmaniasis","volume":"52","author":"Sampaio","year":"2019"},{"key":"b14","series-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis","first-page":"e0010931","article-title":"The cure rate after different treatments for mucosal leishmaniasis in the Americas: A systematic review","volume":"16","author":"Carvalho","year":"2022"},{"key":"b15","series-title":"Current Topics in Tropical Medicine","author":"Mili","year":"2012"},{"key":"b16","series-title":"PLoS One","first-page":"e35671","article-title":"Leishmaniasis worldwide and global estimates of its incidence","volume":"7","author":"Alvar","year":"2012"},{"key":"b17","series-title":"Ann Dermatol Venereol","first-page":"452","article-title":"Comparative characterization of skin lesions observed in the three endemic varieties of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Tunisia","volume":"139","author":"Aoun","year":"2012"},{"key":"b18","series-title":"Ann Dermatol Venereol","first-page":"27","article-title":"Mucosal localization of leishmaniasis in Tunisia: 5 cases","volume":"130","author":"Kharfi","year":"2003"},{"key":"b19","series-title":"Med Trop (Mars)","first-page":"634","article-title":"Mucosal leishmaniasis by contiguity with a skin lesion: Another case report from Tunisia","volume":"68","author":"El F\u00e9kih","year":"2008"},{"key":"b20","series-title":"Ann Dermatol Venereol","first-page":"389","article-title":"Primary Leishmania infantum MON-80 endonasal leishmaniasis in Tunisia","volume":"135","author":"Benmously-Mlika","year":"2008"},{"key":"b21","series-title":"Ann Dermatol Venereol","first-page":"A248","article-title":"La leishmaniose muqueuse en Tunisie: \u00c9tude de 12 cas","volume":"138","author":"Benmously-Mlika","year":"2011"},{"key":"b22","series-title":"Ann Dermatol Venereol","first-page":"S81","article-title":"Formes muqueuses de leishmaniose cutan\u00e9e en Tunisie","volume":"140","author":"Zaouali","year":"2013"},{"key":"b23","series-title":"J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol","first-page":"1212","article-title":"Mucosal leishmaniasis of the lip: An emerging clinical form in Tunisia","volume":"29","author":"Hammami-Ghorbel","year":"2015"},{"key":"b24","series-title":"Ann Dermatol Venereol","first-page":"S343","article-title":"La leishmaniose muqueuse chez l\u2019enfant en Tunisie: \u00c9tude de 25 cas","volume":"143","author":"Kidar","year":"2016"},{"key":"b25","series-title":"Parasite","first-page":"239","article-title":"Leishmaniasis in central and southern Tunisia: Current geographical distribution of zymodemes","volume":"14","author":"Haouas","year":"2007"},{"key":"b26","series-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"266","article-title":"Treatment of mucosal leishmaniasis in Latin America: Systematic review","volume":"77","author":"Amato","year":"2007"},{"key":"b27","series-title":"J European Acad. Dermatol Venereol","first-page":"133","article-title":"Management of leishmaniasis in clinical practice","volume":"28","author":"Rodrigues","year":"2014"},{"key":"b28","series-title":"Clin Infect Dis","first-page":"e202","article-title":"Diagnosis and treatment of leishmaniasis: Clinical practice guidelines by the Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA) and the American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene (ASTMH)","volume":"63","author":"Aronson","year":"2016"},{"key":"b29","series-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"377","article-title":"Case report: First report of mucocutaneous leishmaniasis in Algeria: Observations from a case report","volume":"111","author":"Seklaoui","year":"2024"}],"container-title":["The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/view\/journals\/tpmd\/112\/5\/article-p966.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/tpmd\/112\/5\/article-p966.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/tpmd\/112\/5\/article-p966.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,7]],"date-time":"2025-05-07T14:25:05Z","timestamp":1746627905000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/view\/journals\/tpmd\/112\/5\/article-p966.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,7]]},"references-count":29,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4269\/ajtmh.24-0592","relation":{},"ISSN":["0002-9637","1476-1645"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0002-9637","type":"print"},{"value":"1476-1645","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,7]]}}}