{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,10]],"date-time":"2026-04-10T18:05:43Z","timestamp":1775844343442,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT.<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Lymphedema is the accumulation of lymph in soft tissue due to lymphatic dysfunction, often resulting from valvular damage and vessel dilation, which leads to impaired lymph flow. In endemic areas, lymphatic filariasis (LF) is the most common cause of lymphedema, primarily affecting the lower limbs. Vulval lymphedema is often under-recognized and under-reported. Here, two cases of vulval lymphedema treated at a Filariasis Management Clinic are reported. Since both patients reside in an LF-endemic area, vulval lymphedema could be a sequela of filarial infection, particularly in the presence of other contributing factors. These cases highlight the need for increased awareness and attention regarding this condition among clinicians and LF program managers.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.24-0595","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,2]],"date-time":"2025-12-02T15:31:46Z","timestamp":1764689506000},"page":"284-286","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Vulval Lymphedema: An Under-Recognized Clinical Manifestation of Lymphatic Filariasis"],"prefix":"10.4269","volume":"114","author":[{"given":"Malarvizhi","family":"Anandan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"ICMR-Vector Control Research Centre, Puducherry, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dhanalakshmi","family":"Rajendran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ICMR-Vector Control Research Centre, Puducherry, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mohammed Shareef","family":"Palappurath Maliyakkal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ICMR-Vector Control Research Centre, Puducherry, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Vijayalakshmi","family":"Gnanasekeran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ICMR-Vector Control Research Centre, Puducherry, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Vijesh Sreedhar","family":"Kuttiatt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ICMR-Vector Control Research Centre, Puducherry, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"2795","reference":[{"key":"b1","series-title":"Wkly Epidemiol Rec","first-page":"513","article-title":"Global programme to eliminate lymphatic filariasis: Progress report, 2021","volume":"41","year":"2022"},{"key":"b2","series-title":"Filaria J","first-page":"2","article-title":"Morbidity management in the Global Programme to Eliminate Lymphatic Filariasis: A review of the scientific literature","volume":"6","author":"Addiss","year":"2007"},{"key":"b3","series-title":"BMJ Case Rep","first-page":"bcr2018224250","article-title":"Bilateral vulval filarial elephantiasis","volume":"2018","author":"Chakraborty","year":"2018"},{"key":"b4","series-title":"Indian Dermatol Online J","first-page":"371","article-title":"Vulval elephantiasis","volume":"6","author":"Palanisamy","year":"2015"},{"key":"b5","series-title":"Med J Armed Forces India","first-page":"298","article-title":"Lymphoedema vulva","volume":"63","author":"Patra","year":"2007"},{"key":"b6","series-title":"Medicina (Kaunas)","first-page":"1175","article-title":"Genital lymphedema and how to deal with It: Pearls and pitfalls from over 38 years of experience with unusual lymphatic system impairment","volume":"57","author":"Kaciulyte","year":"2021"},{"key":"b7","series-title":"Oncol Lett","first-page":"1889","article-title":"Laser CO2 treatment for vulvar lymphedema secondary to gynecological cancer therapy: A report of two cases and review of the literature","volume":"9","author":"Sopracordevole","year":"2015"},{"key":"b8","series-title":"Clin Dermatol Rev","first-page":"150","article-title":"Vulval lymphangiectasia post-radiotherapy in cervical cancer: A rare case report","volume":"6","author":"Raj","year":"2022"},{"key":"b9","series-title":"Acta Derm Venereol","first-page":"adv00520","article-title":"Successful treatment of acquired vulvar lymphangiectasia with 1% polidocanol sclerotherapy","volume":"101","author":"Stull","year":"2021"},{"key":"b10","series-title":"Cancers (Basel)","first-page":"5809","article-title":"Genital lymphedema after cancer treatment: A narrative review","volume":"14","author":"Vignes","year":"2022"},{"key":"b11","series-title":"J Med Case Rep","first-page":"369","article-title":"Vulval elephantiasis as a result of tubercular lymphadenitis: Two case reports and a review of the literature","volume":"4","author":"Chintamani","year":"2010"},{"key":"b12","series-title":"Indian J Sex Transm Dis AIDS","first-page":"35","article-title":"Cutaneous lymphangiectasia of the vulva secondary to tuberculosis","volume":"33","author":"Bhat","year":"2012"},{"key":"b13","series-title":"J Gynecol Surg","first-page":"175","article-title":"Huge vulval elephantiasis of filarial origin: Diagnosis by exclusion","volume":"37","author":"Samal","year":"2021"},{"key":"b14","series-title":"J Obstet Gynaecol India","first-page":"37","article-title":"Vulval filariasis\u2014A rare case report","volume":"13","author":"Patil","year":"2023"},{"key":"b15","series-title":"Sud J Med Sci","first-page":"265","article-title":"Vulvar filarial elephantiasis in a Tanzanian woman; rare presentation of lymphatic filariasis: A case report and a review of literature","volume":"9","author":"Ipyana","year":"2014"},{"key":"b16","author":"Gordon","year":"2022"},{"key":"b17","series-title":"Hunter\u2019s Tropical Medicine and Emerging Infectious Diseases","first-page":"851","year":"2020"},{"key":"b18","series-title":"Indian Dermatol Online J","first-page":"40","article-title":"Lymphangiectasias of vulva","volume":"2","author":"Haneef","year":"2011"},{"key":"b1","series-title":"Wkly Epidemiol Rec","first-page":"513","article-title":"Global programme to eliminate lymphatic filariasis: Progress report, 2021","volume":"41","year":"2022"},{"key":"b2","series-title":"Filaria J","first-page":"2","article-title":"Morbidity management in the Global Programme to Eliminate Lymphatic Filariasis: A review of the scientific literature","volume":"6","author":"Addiss","year":"2007"},{"key":"b3","series-title":"BMJ Case Rep","first-page":"bcr2018224250","article-title":"Bilateral vulval filarial elephantiasis","volume":"2018","author":"Chakraborty","year":"2018"},{"key":"b4","series-title":"Indian Dermatol Online J","first-page":"371","article-title":"Vulval elephantiasis","volume":"6","author":"Palanisamy","year":"2015"},{"key":"b5","series-title":"Med J Armed Forces India","first-page":"298","article-title":"Lymphoedema vulva","volume":"63","author":"Patra","year":"2007"},{"key":"b6","series-title":"Medicina (Kaunas)","first-page":"1175","article-title":"Genital lymphedema and how to deal with It: Pearls and pitfalls from over 38 years of experience with unusual lymphatic system impairment","volume":"57","author":"Kaciulyte","year":"2021"},{"key":"b7","series-title":"Oncol Lett","first-page":"1889","article-title":"Laser CO2 treatment for vulvar lymphedema secondary to gynecological cancer therapy: A report of two cases and review of the literature","volume":"9","author":"Sopracordevole","year":"2015"},{"key":"b8","series-title":"Clin Dermatol Rev","first-page":"150","article-title":"Vulval lymphangiectasia post-radiotherapy in cervical cancer: A rare case report","volume":"6","author":"Raj","year":"2022"},{"key":"b9","series-title":"Acta Derm Venereol","first-page":"adv00520","article-title":"Successful treatment of acquired vulvar lymphangiectasia with 1% polidocanol sclerotherapy","volume":"101","author":"Stull","year":"2021"},{"key":"b10","series-title":"Cancers (Basel)","first-page":"5809","article-title":"Genital lymphedema after cancer treatment: A narrative review","volume":"14","author":"Vignes","year":"2022"},{"key":"b11","series-title":"J Med Case Rep","first-page":"369","article-title":"Vulval elephantiasis as a result of tubercular lymphadenitis: Two case reports and a review of the literature","volume":"4","author":"Chintamani","year":"2010"},{"key":"b12","series-title":"Indian J Sex Transm Dis AIDS","first-page":"35","article-title":"Cutaneous lymphangiectasia of the vulva secondary to tuberculosis","volume":"33","author":"Bhat","year":"2012"},{"key":"b13","series-title":"J Gynecol Surg","first-page":"175","article-title":"Huge vulval elephantiasis of filarial origin: Diagnosis by exclusion","volume":"37","author":"Samal","year":"2021"},{"key":"b14","series-title":"J Obstet Gynaecol India","first-page":"37","article-title":"Vulval filariasis\u2014A rare case report","volume":"13","author":"Patil","year":"2023"},{"key":"b15","series-title":"Sud J Med Sci","first-page":"265","article-title":"Vulvar filarial elephantiasis in a Tanzanian woman; rare presentation of lymphatic filariasis: A case report and a review of literature","volume":"9","author":"Ipyana","year":"2014"},{"key":"b16","author":"Gordon","year":"2022"},{"key":"b17","series-title":"Hunter\u2019s Tropical Medicine and Emerging Infectious Diseases","first-page":"851","year":"2020"},{"key":"b18","series-title":"Indian Dermatol Online J","first-page":"40","article-title":"Lymphangiectasias of vulva","volume":"2","author":"Haneef","year":"2011"}],"container-title":["The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/view\/journals\/tpmd\/114\/2\/article-p284.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/tpmd\/114\/2\/article-p284.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/tpmd\/114\/2\/article-p284.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,10]],"date-time":"2026-04-10T17:19:41Z","timestamp":1775841581000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/view\/journals\/tpmd\/114\/2\/article-p284.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,4]]},"references-count":36,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4269\/ajtmh.24-0595","relation":{},"ISSN":["0002-9637","1476-1645"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0002-9637","type":"print"},{"value":"1476-1645","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,4]]}}}