{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T12:53:59Z","timestamp":1791982439417,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,8]],"date-time":"2025-01-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1736294400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT.<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>On August 14, 2024, following a regional declaration by the Africa Centres for Disease Control and Prevention, the World Health Organization declared mpox a Public Health Emergency of International Concern, marking the second such declaration in two years. A series of outbreaks involving the more virulent clade I virus (compared to clade II, which caused a global outbreak in 2022), has now spread in 13 African countries, exposing the inadequacies of the public health infrastructure in these settings. There was significant investment during the 2022 global outbreak, but these efforts failed to address vaccine access and treatment in the Global South. Regulatory delays, unequal access to vaccines, and a lack of compassionate use treatments for severe cases have resulted in preventable cases and deaths, especially among vulnerable populations such as pregnant women, children, and the immunocompromised. The current outbreak also underscores critical knowledge gaps in our understanding of mpox, including its transmission, pathogenesis, and viral evolution. We join intensified calls for global solidarity and action to control mpox, emphasizing immediate containment measures and long-term local and international investment in African public health systems, to prevent future epidemics.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.24-0606","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,15]],"date-time":"2024-10-15T15:56:54Z","timestamp":1729007814000},"page":"17-20","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":31,"title":["The 2024 Public Health Emergency of International Concern: A Global Failure to Control Mpox"],"prefix":"10.4269","volume":"112","author":[{"given":"Alimuddin","family":"Zumla","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infection and Immunity, Centre for Clinical Microbiology, University College London, United Kingdom;"},{"name":"National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR) Biomedical Research Centre, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Philip J.","family":"Rosenthal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, California;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nada A.","family":"Sam-Agudu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Research Center of Excellence, Institute of Human Virology Nigeria, Abuja, Nigeria;"},{"name":"Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Cape Coast School of Medical Sciences, Cape Coast, Ghana;"},{"name":"Global Pediatrics Program and Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minnesota;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dimie","family":"Ogoina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Infectious Diseases Unit, Niger Delta University and Niger Delta University Teaching Hospital, Bayelsa, Nigeria;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Placide","family":"Mbala-Kingebeni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut National de la Recherche Biom\u00e9dicale (INRB), Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francine","family":"Ntoumi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fondation Congolaise de la Recherche Medicale (FRCM), Brazzaville, Republic of Congo;"},{"name":"Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of T\u00fcbingen, T\u00fcbingen, Germany;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emmanuel","family":"Nakoun\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre Pasteur du Cameroun, Unit\u00e9 de Virologie, Yaound\u00e9, Cameroun;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard","family":"Njouom","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut Pasteur de Bangui, Bangui, Central African Republic;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicaise","family":"Ndembi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Africa Centres for Disease Control and Prevention (Africa-CDC), Addis-Ababa, Ethiopia;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Edward J.","family":"Mills","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jean-Jacques","family":"Muyembe-Tamfum","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut National de la Recherche Biom\u00e9dicale (INRB), Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jean B.","family":"Nachega","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Stellenbosch University Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Cape Town, South Africa;"},{"name":"Departments of Epidemiology and International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland;"},{"name":"Departments of Epidemiology, Infectious Diseases, and Microbiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"2795","reference":[{"key":"b1","series-title":"WHO Re-Declares Monkeypox as a Public Health Emergency of International Concern","year":"2024"},{"key":"b2","series-title":"Speech of the Director General \/ Africa CDC on the Declaration of Mpox as a Public Health Emergency of Continental Security (PHECS)","year":"2024"},{"key":"b3","series-title":"2022\u20132024 Mpox (Monkeypox) Outbreak: Global Trends","year":"2024"},{"key":"b4","series-title":"Curr Opin Pediatr","first-page":"193","article-title":"A global update of mpox (monkeypox) in children","volume":"35","author":"Sam-Agudu","year":"2023"},{"key":"b5","year":"2024"},{"key":"b6","series-title":"Lancet Glob Health","first-page":"e1086","article-title":"The surge of mpox in Africa: a call for action","volume":"12","author":"Nachega","year":"2024"},{"key":"b7","series-title":"Nat Med","article-title":"Sustained human outbreak of a new MPXV clade I lineage in eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo","author":"Vakaniaki","year":"2024"},{"key":"b8","series-title":"Mpox-Democratic Republic of the Congo","year":"2024"},{"key":"b9","series-title":"Multi-Country Monkeypox Outbreak in Non-Endemic Countries","year":"2024"},{"key":"b10","series-title":"Lancet Infect Dis","first-page":"e185","article-title":"Advancing detection and response capacities for emerging and re-emerging pathogens in Africa","volume":"23","author":"Nachega","year":"2023"},{"key":"b11","series-title":"Nature Medicine","first-page":"1405","article-title":"Africa needs a new public health order to tackle infectious disease threats","volume":"26","author":"Nkengasong","year":"2020"},{"key":"b12","series-title":"The Lancet","first-page":"2204","article-title":"Will Ebola change the game? Ten essential reforms before the next pandemic","volume":"385","author":"Moon","year":"2020"},{"key":"b13","series-title":"Lancet Glob Health","first-page":"e746","article-title":"Addressing challenges to rolling out COVID-19 vaccines in African countries","volume":"9","author":"Nachega","year":"2021"},{"key":"b14","series-title":"Mpox: Vaccine Gaps and Ongoing Public Health Emergency. Africa Centres for Disease Control and Prevention","year":"2024"},{"key":"b15","series-title":"Nat Rev Drug Disc","first-page":"735","article-title":"Global vaccine equity and the failure of COVAX","volume":"20","author":"Matthiessen","year":"2021"},{"key":"b16","year":"2022"},{"key":"b17","series-title":"FDA Approves First Live, Non-Replicating Vaccine to Prevent Smallpox and Monkeypox. U.S. Food and Drug Administration","year":"2019"},{"key":"b18","series-title":"Clinical Infectious Diseases","first-page":"1794","article-title":"Clinical and immunological responses to LC16m8, a highly attenuated smallpox vaccine, after the first and second vaccinations","volume":"49","author":"Saito","year":"2009"},{"key":"b19","series-title":"The Lancet","first-page":"398","article-title":"Human Monkeypox: an emerging orthopoxvirus zoonosis","volume":"396","author":"Damon","year":"2022"},{"key":"b20","series-title":"Why Mpox Vaccines Aren\u2019t Flowing to Africans in Desperate Need","author":"Nolen","year":"2024"},{"key":"b21","series-title":"WHO Guidance on Compassionate Use of Tecovirimat for Monkeypox Treatment","year":"2022"},{"key":"b22","series-title":"The Antiviral Tecovirimat is Safe but did not Improve Clade I Mpox Resolution in Democratic Republic of the Congo","year":"2024"},{"key":"b23","series-title":"Polio: Global Partnerships for Eradication. Gates Foundation","year":"2022"},{"key":"b24","series-title":"Support for Global Polio Eradication. King Salman Humanitarian and Relief Center","year":"2022"},{"key":"b25","series-title":"Africa CDC\u2019s Joint Mpox Vaccine Strategy. Africa Centres for Disease Control and Prevention","year":"2022"},{"key":"b26","series-title":"Mpox Vaccine Deployment Strategy in Partnership with the US CDC and WHO. European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control","year":"2022"},{"key":"b27"}],"container-title":["The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/view\/journals\/tpmd\/112\/1\/article-p17.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/tpmd\/112\/1\/article-p17.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/tpmd\/112\/1\/article-p17.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,8]],"date-time":"2025-01-08T13:06:18Z","timestamp":1736341578000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/view\/journals\/tpmd\/112\/1\/article-p17.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,8]]},"references-count":27,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4269\/ajtmh.24-0606","relation":{},"ISSN":["0002-9637","1476-1645"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0002-9637","type":"print"},{"value":"1476-1645","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,8]]}}}