{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]],"date-time":"2026-09-14T22:53:05Z","timestamp":1789426385120,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT.<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Guinea worm, or dracunculiasis, has been targeted for eradication. Since the detection of the disease in animals, particularly domestic dogs in Chad, eradication efforts have become more challenging as animal infections perpetuate the cycle of infection and continue to put humans at risk. A wide range of community-based interventions is used to reduce infections, and the proactive tethering of dogs was introduced in 2020 to aid in the eradication efforts. This approach aims to contain dogs to prevent them from infecting water sources and to minimize exposure to water sources harboring infective Guinea worm larvae. However, tethering guidelines are not uniformly adhered to across communities. We adapted an agent-based simulation model to analyze various proactive tethering scenarios that consider dog selection methods, time of year, and time of day. Tethering 100% of dogs year-round but releasing them for part of the day (e.g., at night) results in 19\u201324% more infections compared with the full-day tethering of 60% of dogs year-round. Tethering 80% of dogs during the 3 months of peak infectivity, from April to June, results in 5\u20139% fewer infections than tethering 100% of dogs for 6 months during the dry season, from November to April. Because of the protracted prepatent period of Guinea worm disease (\u223c10\u201314 months), the results of interventions are not known until 1 year after they are implemented. Understanding the long-term impacts of tethering decisions when they are made is extremely important for achieving the ultimate goal of Guinea worm eradication.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.24-0673","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,27]],"date-time":"2025-05-27T13:25:59Z","timestamp":1748352359000},"page":"317-323","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Proactive Tethering to Prevent Guinea Worm Infections among Dogs in Chad: An Analysis of the Impacts of Timing and Dog Selection"],"prefix":"10.4269","volume":"113","author":[{"given":"Hannah","family":"Smalley","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pinar","family":"Keskinocak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julie","family":"Swann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maryann G.","family":"Delea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Carter Center, Atlanta, Georgia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Obiora A.","family":"Eneanya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Carter Center, Atlanta, Georgia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adam","family":"Weiss","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Carter Center, Atlanta, Georgia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"2795","reference":[{"key":"b1","series-title":"Guinea Worm Disease","year":"2024"},{"key":"b2","series-title":"Dracunculiasis (Guinea-Worm Disease)","year":"2022"},{"key":"b3","series-title":"International Commission for the Certification of Dracunculiasis Eradiction: Outcomes of 12th Meeting","year":"2024"},{"key":"b4","series-title":"Guinea Worm Wrap-Up #310","year":"2024"},{"key":"b5","series-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"835","article-title":"Evaluating the effectiveness of potential intervention methods for Guinea worm disease in dogs in Chad using simulations","volume":"109","author":"Wang","year":"2023"},{"key":"b6","series-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"953","article-title":"Potential impact of a diagnostic test for detecting prepatent Guinea worm infections in dogs","volume":"110","author":"Smalley","year":"2024"},{"key":"b7","series-title":"Parasite Epidemiol Control","first-page":"e00328","article-title":"Dog screening as a novel complementary guinea worm disease control tool to mitigate persistence in Chad: A modeling study","volume":"23","author":"Helikumi","year":"2023"},{"key":"b8","series-title":"J Biol Dyn","first-page":"846","article-title":"A mathematical study to control Guinea worm disease: A case study on Chad","volume":"12","author":"Ghosh","year":"2018"},{"key":"b9","series-title":"J Theor Biol","first-page":"110683","article-title":"A mathematical model of Guinea worm disease in Chad with fish as intermediate transport hosts","volume":"521","author":"Gonzalez Engelhard","year":"2021"},{"key":"b10","series-title":"Target Product Profile to Detect Prepatent \u201cDracunculus Medinensis\u201d Infections in Animals","year":"2024"},{"key":"b11","series-title":"Target Product Profile to Detect \u201cDracunculus Medinensis\u201d Presence in Environmental Samples","year":"2024"},{"key":"b12","series-title":"Guinea Worm Wrap-Up #306","year":"2024"},{"key":"b13","series-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"1942","article-title":"Agent-based simulation for seasonal Guinea worm disease in Chad dogs","volume":"103","author":"Perini","year":"2020"},{"key":"b14","series-title":"Guinea Worm Wrap-Up","year":"2024"},{"key":"b15","series-title":"Climate Data Online","year":"2024"},{"key":"b16","series-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"818","article-title":"Effects of temephos (Abate\u00ae), spinosad (Natular\u00ae), and diflubenzuron on the survival of cyclopoid copepods","volume":"106","author":"Grunert","year":"2022"},{"key":"b17","series-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis","first-page":"e0008170","article-title":"Ecology of domestic dogs Canis familiaris as an emerging reservoir of Guinea worm Dracunculus medinensis infection","volume":"14","author":"McDonald","year":"2020"},{"key":"b18","series-title":"Front Vet Sci","first-page":"866755","article-title":"General insights on obstacles to dog vaccination in Chad on community and institutional level","volume":"9","author":"Mbaipago","year":"2022"},{"key":"b19","series-title":"Vaccine","first-page":"571","article-title":"Operational performance and analysis of two rabies vaccination campaigns in N\u2019Djamena, Chad","volume":"34","author":"L\u00e9chenne","year":"2016"},{"key":"b20","series-title":"Guinea Worm Wrap-Up #291","year":"2022"},{"key":"b21","series-title":"Guinea Worm Wrap-Up #297","year":"2023"},{"key":"b22","series-title":"BMC Public Health","first-page":"655","article-title":"Homebound by COVID19: The benefits and consequences of non-pharmaceutical intervention strategies","volume":"21","author":"Oruc","year":"2021"},{"key":"b23","series-title":"Chad: Climatology","year":"2021"},{"key":"b24","series-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"61","article-title":"The peculiar epidemiology of dracunculiasis in Chad","volume":"90","author":"Eberhard","year":"2014"},{"key":"b25","series-title":"Curr Biol","first-page":"R170","article-title":"Infectious disease: Dog diets may drive transmission cycles in human Guinea worm disease","volume":"32","author":"Richards","year":"2022"}],"container-title":["The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/view\/journals\/tpmd\/113\/2\/article-p317.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/tpmd\/113\/2\/article-p317.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/tpmd\/113\/2\/article-p317.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,24]],"date-time":"2026-07-24T18:58:30Z","timestamp":1784919510000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/view\/journals\/tpmd\/113\/2\/article-p317.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,6]]},"references-count":25,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4269\/ajtmh.24-0673","relation":{},"ISSN":["0002-9637","1476-1645"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0002-9637","type":"print"},{"value":"1476-1645","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,6]]}}}