{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,3]],"date-time":"2025-07-03T04:07:16Z","timestamp":1751515636176,"version":"3.41.0"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT.<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Pemphigus vulgaris (PV) is a life-threatening chronic autoimmune mucocutaneous disorder managed by corticosteroids and other immunosuppressive agents. Oral candidiasis (OC) is the most common opportunistic infection in PV. This study aimed to identify the risk factors associated with OC in PV patients. This case-control study included adult cases with PV and healthy controls. Cases with a history of antifungals within the last 2 weeks were excluded. Potential risk factors based on demographics, clinical activity, and laboratory markers including neutrophil\/lymphocyte ratio (NLR) and platelet\/lymphocyte ratio (PLR) were documented. Seventy-four adult PV cases and healthy controls were included over a period of 18 months. A total of 59.4% (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> = 44) of the cases were diagnosed with OC, whereas oral colonization with Candida was present in 8.1% (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> = 6) of the controls. Females had 2.7 times higher odds of developing OC than males (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>-value = 0.046). Cases with a history of prior topical steroid use had 2.5 times higher odds of developing OC (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>-value &lt;0.0001). Cases with a history of prior systemic antibiotic use had 1.8 times higher odds of developing OC (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>-value &lt;0.0001). Mean \u00b1 SD of NLR and PLR in patients with OC were significantly higher than in cases without OC (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>-value &lt;0.0001). OC was not associated with diabetes, oral steroids, or immunosuppressant use in PV in our study. In PV, female gender, prior topical steroid, and systemic antibiotic usage are significant risk factors for the development of OC. NLR and PLR are important laboratory markers that indicate increased predisposition to OC in PV.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.24-0712","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,22]],"date-time":"2025-04-22T17:39:46Z","timestamp":1745343586000},"page":"180-183","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Risk Factors Associated with Oral Candidiasis in Pemphigus Vulgaris Patients: Results from a Case-Control Study in India"],"prefix":"10.4269","volume":"113","author":[{"given":"Preethaa Sri","family":"P","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Raipur, India;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Namrata","family":"Chhabra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Raipur, India;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Archana","family":"Keche","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Raipur, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"2795","reference":[{"key":"b1","series-title":"Clin Dermatol","first-page":"432","article-title":"Pemphigus group (vulgaris, vegetans, foliaceus, herpetiformis, brasiliensis)","volume":"29","author":"Joly","year":"2011"},{"key":"b2","series-title":"Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol","first-page":"439","article-title":"Pemphigus in India","volume":"77","author":"Kanwar","year":"2011"},{"key":"b3","series-title":"Acta Dermatovenerol Croat","first-page":"137","article-title":"Identification and antifungal activity profile of Candida Species isolated from patients with pemphigus vulgaris with oral lesions","volume":"27","author":"Pakshir","year":"2019"},{"key":"b4","series-title":"Clin Exp 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with candidiasis in pemphigus vulgaris patients: Results from a retrospective study in two second-care level hospitals in Mexico","volume":"8","author":"Tirado-S\u00e1nchez","year":"2023"},{"key":"b17","series-title":"Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol","first-page":"598","article-title":"Double-blind clinical trial of 0.05% clobetasol propionate (corrected from proprionate) ointment in orabase and 0.05% fluocinonide ointment in orabase in the treatment of patients with oral vesiculoerosive diseases","volume":"77","author":"Lozada-Nur","year":"1994"},{"key":"b18","series-title":"HIV AIDS (Auckl)","first-page":"33","article-title":"Factors associated with oral candidiasis in people living with HIV\/AIDS: A case control study","volume":"12","author":"Suryana","year":"2020"},{"key":"b19","series-title":"Infect Drug Resist","first-page":"2601","article-title":"Oral prevalence of Candida species in patients undergoing systemic glucocorticoid therapy and the antifungal sensitivity of the isolates","volume":"13","author":"Xiao","year":"2020"},{"key":"b20","series-title":"Indian Dermatol Online J","first-page":"188","article-title":"Role of hematological indices as predictors of systemic inflammation in dermatology","volume":"15","author":"Aiholli","year":"2024"},{"key":"b21","series-title":"Dermatology","first-page":"912","article-title":"Hematological inflammatory markers in patients with pemphigus vulgaris","volume":"237","author":"Lyakhovitsky","year":"2021"}],"container-title":["The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and 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