{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,8]],"date-time":"2025-05-08T04:10:40Z","timestamp":1746677440427,"version":"3.40.5"},"reference-count":14,"publisher":"American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene","issue":"5","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT.<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Aerosolized pentamidine is Food and Drug Administration approved to treat <jats:italic>Pneumocystis<\/jats:italic> pneumonia via a route that does not lead to systemic absorption or toxicity. Because <jats:italic>Leishmania<\/jats:italic> is also susceptible to pentamidine and mucosal leishmaniasis is also an infection of the respiratory tract, we performed a pilot study of aerosolized pentamidine (300 mg for 10 days over approximately 4 weeks) for mucosal leishmaniasis caused by Bolivian <jats:italic>Leishmania braziliensis<\/jats:italic> with a 2-year follow-up. Of 15 patients, 6 of 7 patients with initially mild disease were cured, 3 of 4 patients with initially moderate disease relapsed at the 18- to 24-month follow-up visits, and 3 of 4 patients with initially severe disease failed early after treatment. This study suggests that inhaled pentamidine may be useful as a well-tolerated treatment of mild mucosal leishmaniasis and that to rule out relapse, mucosal leishmaniasis follow-up should extend to 2 years.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.24-0725","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,25]],"date-time":"2025-02-25T21:42:08Z","timestamp":1740519728000},"page":"963-965","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Inhaled Pentamidine for Bolivian Mucosal Leishmaniasis"],"prefix":"10.4269","volume":"112","author":[{"given":"Jaime","family":"Soto","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Fundaci\u00f3n Nacional de Dermatolog\u00eda, Santa Cruz, Bolivia;"},{"name":"Hospital Dermatol\u00f3gico de Jorochito, Santa Cruz, Bolivia;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Patricia","family":"Guti\u00e9rrez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fundaci\u00f3n Nacional de Dermatolog\u00eda, Santa Cruz, Bolivia;"},{"name":"Hospital Dermatol\u00f3gico de Jorochito, Santa Cruz, Bolivia;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Paula","family":"Soto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fundaci\u00f3n Nacional de Dermatolog\u00eda, Santa Cruz, Bolivia;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Julio","family":"Escobar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ENT Service, Cl\u00ednica Foianini, Santa Cruz, Bolivia;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Paz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hospital Dermatol\u00f3gico de Jorochito, Santa Cruz, Bolivia;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Daniela","family":"Rivero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hospital Dermatol\u00f3gico de Jorochito, Santa Cruz, Bolivia;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Aracely","family":"Villalba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hospital Dermatol\u00f3gico de Jorochito, Santa Cruz, Bolivia;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jonathan","family":"Berman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"AB Foundation, North Bethesda, Maryland;"},{"name":"Fast-Track Drugs, Potomac, Maryland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"2795","reference":[{"key":"b1","series-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"761","article-title":"Mucosal leishmaniasis: A retrospective study of 327 cases from an endemic area of Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis","volume":"97","author":"Cincur\u00e1","year":"2017"},{"key":"b2","series-title":"J Immunol","first-page":"4144","article-title":"Cell mediated immunity in American cutaneous and mucosal leishmaniasis","volume":"135","author":"Carvalho","year":"1985"},{"key":"b3","series-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"221","article-title":"Spontaneous clinical resolution without specific treatment in mucosal leishmaniasis","volume":"85","author":"Marsden","year":"1991"},{"key":"b4","series-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"1182","article-title":"Treatment of Bolivian Leishmania braziliensis cutaneous and mucosal leishmaniasis","volume":"106","author":"Soto","year":"2022"},{"year":"2022","key":"b5","article-title":"Guidelines for the Treatment of Leishmaniasis in the Americas"},{"key":"b6","series-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis","first-page":"e0010931","article-title":"The cure rate after different treatments for mucosal leishmaniasis in the Americas: A systematic review","volume":"16","author":"Carvalho","year":"2022"},{"key":"b7","series-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"24","article-title":"Diagnosis and treatment of leishmaniasis: Clinical practice guidelines by the Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA) and the American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene (ASTMH)","volume":"96","author":"Aronson","year":"2017"},{"key":"b8","series-title":"N Engl J Med","first-page":"1836","article-title":"A controlled trial of aerosolized pentamidine or trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole as primary prophylaxis against Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection. The Dutch AIDS Treatment Group","volume":"327","author":"Schneider","year":"1992"},{"year":"2010","key":"b9","article-title":"Nebupent Respirgard Label"},{"key":"b10","series-title":"Drugs","first-page":"741","article-title":"Inhaled pentamidine. An overview of its pharmacological properties and a review of its therapeutic use in Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia","volume":"39","author":"Monk","year":"1990"},{"key":"b11","series-title":"J Infect","first-page":"99","article-title":"Better efficacy of twice-monthly than monthly aerosolised pentamidine for secondary prophylaxis of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in patients with AIDS. An Italian multicentric randomised controlled trial. 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