{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,3]],"date-time":"2025-07-03T04:07:20Z","timestamp":1751515640710,"version":"3.41.0"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,2]],"date-time":"2025-07-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1751414400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT.<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>There is significant overlap in the global distribution of malaria and neglected tropical diseases, with the largest health burden in Sub-Saharan Africa, where areas are co-endemic for malaria and schistosomiasis, soil-transmitted helminths, or lymphatic filariasis. Some studies suggest that helminth infections may increase susceptibility to malaria, but evidence is limited. This study investigated the association between urogenital schistosomiasis and the risk of <jats:italic>Plasmodium falciparum<\/jats:italic> (<jats:italic>P. falciparum<\/jats:italic>) parasitemia in rural Burkina Faso. A cohort of 424 subjects participated in five cross-sectional malaria surveys. Active <jats:italic>Schistosoma hematobium<\/jats:italic> infection was diagnosed at baseline using plasma circulating anodic antigen detection, whereas <jats:italic>P. falciparum<\/jats:italic> infection was diagnosed at each survey via blood smear microscopy. Longitudinal analysis assessed the association between baseline urogenital schistosomiasis and <jats:italic>P. falciparum<\/jats:italic> parasitemia over time, adjusting for sex, age, village, ethnicity, and hemoglobin genotype. Subjects with active urogenital schistosomiasis had a \u223c\u200925% increase in the cumulative incidence of <jats:italic>P. falciparum<\/jats:italic> infection (incidence rate ratio [IRR] = 1.26; 95% CI = 1.08\u20131.46; <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = 0.004), as well as a nonsignificant trend toward higher parasite density (exponential of the \u03b2 coefficient [Exp\u03b2] = 1.12; 95% CI = 0.96\u20131.31; <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = 0.133) and higher odds of infection over five surveys (odds ratio [OR] = 1.79; 95% CI = 0.89\u20133.59; <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = 0.104). Higher intensity of schistosomiasis increased the cumulative incidence of <jats:italic>P. falciparum<\/jats:italic> (IRR = 1.12; 95% CI = 1.05\u20131.19; <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = 0.001) and parasite density (Exp\u03b2 = 1.08; 95% CI = 1.01\u20131.15; <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = 0.026), and a trend toward increased odds of infection was also observed (OR = 1.28; 95% CI = 0.91\u20131.80; <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = 0.159). This study provides longitudinal evidence that urogenital schistosomiasis is associated with an increased risk of <jats:italic>P. falciparum<\/jats:italic> parasitaemia, highlighting the need for integrated control strategies for both diseases, particularly in school-aged children and adolescents.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.24-0726","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,13]],"date-time":"2025-05-13T14:45:05Z","timestamp":1747147505000},"page":"67-75","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Urogenital Schistosomiasis Is Associated with an Increased Risk of Plasmodium falciparum Infection in Burkina Faso"],"prefix":"10.4269","volume":"113","author":[{"given":"Mireille","family":"Ouedraogo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Translational Research in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy;"},{"name":"Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, University of Rome La Sapienza, Rome, Italy;"},{"name":"Centre National de Recherche et Formation sur le Paludisme, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pytsje T.","family":"Hoekstra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Leiden University Center for Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Youssouf","family":"Kabore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre National de Recherche et Formation sur le Paludisme, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Issa","family":"Nebie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre National de Recherche et Formation sur le Paludisme, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stan","family":"Hilt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Leiden University Center for Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Govert J.","family":"van Dam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Leiden University Center for Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Paul L. A. M.","family":"Corstjens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cell & Chemical Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fabrizio","family":"Bruschi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Translational Research in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Modiano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, University of Rome La Sapienza, Rome, Italy;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Valentina D.","family":"Mangano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Translational Research in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"2795","reference":[{"year":"2023","series-title":"World Malaria Report 2023","key":"b1"},{"year":"2024","series-title":"Global Report on Neglected Tropical Diseases 2024","key":"b2"},{"year":"2024","series-title":"Global Report on Neglected Tropical Diseases 2024","key":"b3"},{"key":"b4","series-title":"N Engl J Med","first-page":"1018","article-title":"Control of neglected tropical diseases","volume":"357","author":"Hotez","year":"2007"},{"key":"b5","series-title":"Infect Dis Poverty","first-page":"10","article-title":"Neglected tropical diseases: An effective global response to local poverty-related disease priorities","volume":"9","author":"Engels","year":"2020"},{"key":"b6","series-title":"Nat Immunol","first-page":"1118","article-title":"Effect of helminth-induced immunity on infections with microbial pathogens","volume":"14","author":"Salgame","year":"2013"},{"key":"b7","series-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis","first-page":"e0010321","article-title":"Prevalence and distribution pattern of malaria and soil-transmitted helminth co-endemicity in sub-Saharan Africa, 2000\u20132018: A geospatial analysis","volume":"16","author":"Afolabi","year":"2022"},{"key":"b8","series-title":"Parasitology","first-page":"783","article-title":"The health impact of polyparasitism in humans: Are we under-estimating the burden of parasitic diseases?","volume":"135","author":"Pullan","year":"2008"},{"key":"b9","series-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"88","article-title":"Epidemiology of plasmodium-helminth co-infection in Africa: Populations at risk, potential impact on anemia, and prospects for combining control","volume":"77","author":"Brooker","year":"2007"},{"key":"b10","series-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis","first-page":"e0005193","article-title":"Plasmodium falciparum infection status among children with Schistosoma in sub-Saharan Africa: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"10","author":"Degarege","year":"2016"},{"key":"b11","series-title":"Parasit Vectors","first-page":"344","article-title":"Plasmodium falciparum and soil-transmitted helminth co-infections among children in sub-Saharan Africa: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"9","author":"Degarege","year":"2016"},{"key":"b12","series-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis","first-page":"e0009138","article-title":"Malaria and helminth co-infections in children living in endemic countries: A systematic review with meta-analysis","volume":"15","author":"Afolabi","year":"2021"},{"key":"b13","series-title":"J Infect Dis","first-page":"626","article-title":"Novel insights into the protective role of hemoglobin S and C against Plasmodium falciparum parasitemia","volume":"212","author":"Mangano","year":"2015"},{"key":"b14","series-title":"Acta Trop","first-page":"105381","article-title":"Antibody response to Schistosoma haematobium and other helminth species in malaria-exposed populations from Burkina Faso","volume":"205","author":"Mangano","year":"2020"},{"key":"b15","series-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA","first-page":"13206","article-title":"Different response to Plasmodium falciparum malaria in west African sympatric ethnic groups","volume":"93","author":"Modiano","year":"1996"},{"key":"b16","series-title":"Lancet Infect Dis","first-page":"927","article-title":"Spatial distribution of schistosomiasis and treatment needs in sub-Saharan Africa: A systematic review and geostatistical analysis","volume":"15","author":"Lai","year":"2015"},{"key":"b17","series-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis","first-page":"e0012104","article-title":"Comparative evaluation of plasma biomarkers of Schistosoma haematobium infection in endemic populations from Burkina Faso","volume":"18","author":"Ouedraogo","year":"2024"},{"key":"b18","series-title":"Tissue Antigens","first-page":"128","article-title":"HLA class I in three West African ethnic groups: Genetic distances from sub-Saharan and Caucasoid populations","volume":"57","author":"Modiano","year":"2001"},{"key":"b19","series-title":"Hum Immunol","first-page":"903","article-title":"HLA-DRB1 and -DQB1 loci in three west African ethnic groups: Genetic relationship with sub-Saharan African and European populations","volume":"70","author":"Lulli","year":"2009"},{"key":"b20","series-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"50","article-title":"Circulating anodic antigen (CAA): A highly sensitive diagnostic biomarker to detect active Schistosoma infections-improvement and use during SCORE","volume":"103","author":"Corstjens","year":"2020"},{"key":"b21","series-title":"Parasitology","first-page":"1683","article-title":"Remote sensing, geographical information system and spatial analysis for schistosomiasis epidemiology and ecology in Africa","volume":"136","author":"Simoonga","year":"2009"},{"key":"b22","series-title":"Nat Rev Dis Primers","first-page":"13","article-title":"Schistosomiasis","volume":"4","author":"McManus","year":"2018"},{"key":"b23","series-title":"Lancet","first-page":"2253","article-title":"Human schistosomiasis","volume":"383","author":"Colley","year":"2014"},{"key":"b24","series-title":"Acta Trop","first-page":"234","article-title":"A combined school- and community-based campaign targeting all school-age children of Burkina Faso against schistosomiasis and soil-transmitted helminthiasis: Performance, financial costs and implications for sustainability","volume":"99","author":"Gabrielli","year":"2006"},{"key":"b25","series-title":"Bull World Health Organ","first-page":"37","article-title":"Schistosomiasis in school-age children in Burkina Faso after a decade of preventive chemotherapy","volume":"94","author":"Ouedraogo","year":"2016"},{"key":"b26","series-title":"J Infect Dis","first-page":"659","article-title":"Schistosoma haematobium infection and morbidity before and after large-scale administration of praziquantel in Burkina Faso","volume":"196","author":"Koukounari","year":"2007"},{"key":"b27","series-title":"Bull World Health Organ","first-page":"780","article-title":"Two-year impact of single praziquantel treatment on infection in the national control programme on schistosomiasis in Burkina Faso","volume":"86","author":"Tour\u00e9","year":"2008"},{"key":"b28","series-title":"PLoS Glob Public Health","first-page":"e0002468","article-title":"Assessing risk factors for malaria and schistosomiasis among children in Misungwi, Tanzania, an area of co-endemicity: A mixed methods study","volume":"3","author":"Duguay","year":"2023"},{"key":"b29","series-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis","first-page":"e0006663","article-title":"Schistosoma haematobium effects on Plasmodium falciparum infection modified by soil-transmitted helminths in school-age children living in rural areas of Gabon","volume":"12","author":"Dejon-Agob\u00e9","year":"2018"},{"year":"2022","series-title":"WHO Guideline on Control and Elimination of Human Schistosomiasis","key":"b30"},{"year":"2020","series-title":"Ending the Neglect to Attain the Sustainable Development Goals: A Road Map for Neglected Tropical Diseases 2021\u20132030","key":"b31"},{"key":"b32","series-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis","first-page":"e0011886","article-title":"Have there been efforts to integrate malaria and schistosomiasis prevention and control programs? A scoping review of the literature","volume":"18","author":"Duguay","year":"2024"},{"key":"b33","series-title":"Trials","first-page":"627","article-title":"Safety and effectiveness of delivering mass drug administration for helminths through the seasonal malaria chemoprevention platform among Senegalese children: Study protocol for a randomised controlled trial","volume":"23","author":"Afolabi","year":"2022"}],"container-title":["The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/view\/journals\/tpmd\/113\/1\/article-p67.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/tpmd\/113\/1\/article-p67.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/tpmd\/113\/1\/article-p67.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,2]],"date-time":"2025-07-02T13:55:31Z","timestamp":1751464531000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/view\/journals\/tpmd\/113\/1\/article-p67.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,2]]},"references-count":33,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4269\/ajtmh.24-0726","relation":{},"ISSN":["0002-9637","1476-1645"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0002-9637"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1476-1645"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,2]]}}}