{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,7]],"date-time":"2026-01-07T16:13:38Z","timestamp":1767802418517,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT.<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Despite the implementation of effective vaccines to reduce measles- and mumps-related morbidity and mortality, occasional outbreaks can occur. Monitoring the transmission of these infections in the community is important and could provide useful information for policymakers to develop effective disease control plans. Therefore, this study aimed to describe the epidemiology and age-specific trend of measles and mumps in eastern Libya. We estimated the burden of measles and mumps in a vaccinated population using data from the main medical center in the Tobruk region in eastern Libya from January 2003 to December 2020. In total, 208 cases of measles and 111 cases of mumps in those younger than 1 year old and older than 1 year old were registered over the study period. The occurrence of these infections varied, and some notable outbreaks of measles and mumps occurred during the study period. There was a minor seasonal variation in the disease occurrence over the study period. In conclusion, this study quantified the burden and age-specific occurrence of measles and mumps in the region. It also highlights the importance of maintaining high immunization rates through routine and supplemental campaigns to achieve coverage levels sufficient for preventing future outbreaks.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.24-0733","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,18]],"date-time":"2025-11-18T15:33:36Z","timestamp":1763480016000},"page":"101-104","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Time Trend Analysis of Measles and Mumps in a Highly Vaccinated Population"],"prefix":"10.4269","volume":"114","author":[{"given":"Faisal","family":"Ismail","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Laboratory Department, Faculty of Medical Technology, University of Tobruk, Tobruk, Libya;"},{"name":"National Centre for Disease Control, Tobruk, Libya;"},{"name":"Libyan Medical Research Centre, Tobruk, Libya"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Soghra","family":"Haq","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Laboratory Department, Faculty of Medical Technology, University of Tobruk, Tobruk, Libya;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"2795","reference":[{"key":"b1","series-title":"Int J Public Health","first-page":"847","article-title":"Epidemiology and economic burden of measles, mumps, pertussis, and varicella in Germany: A systematic review","volume":"61","author":"Damm","year":"2016"},{"key":"b2","series-title":"Hum Vaccin Immunother","first-page":"5372","article-title":"Prevention of measles, mumps and rubella: 40 years of global experience with M-M-R(II)","volume":"17","author":"Kuter","year":"2021"},{"key":"b3","article-title":"Libya Conducts Round of National Immunization Days for Polio, Measles, Rubella and Mumps.","year":"2017"},{"key":"b4","article-title":"Measles Vaccination Coverage: Libya.","year":"2025"},{"key":"b5","article-title":"Estimation of Libyan Population According to Regions.","year":"2020"},{"key":"b6","series-title":"PLoS One","first-page":"e0205339","article-title":"Monitoring the age-specificity of measles transmissions during 2009\u20132016 in southern China","volume":"13","author":"Chong","year":"2018"},{"key":"b7","article-title":"Immunization 2024 Libya Country Profile.","year":"2024"},{"key":"b8","article-title":"Measles.","year":"2024"},{"key":"b9","series-title":"J Pediatr","first-page":"187","article-title":"Mumps outbreak in a highly vaccinated population","volume":"119","author":"Hersh","year":"1991"},{"key":"b10","series-title":"Med J Aust","first-page":"398","article-title":"A prolonged mumps outbreak among highly vaccinated Aboriginal people in the Kimberley region of Western Australia","volume":"191","author":"Bangor-Jones","year":"2009"},{"key":"b11","series-title":"Euro Surveill","first-page":"18842","article-title":"An increase in the number of mumps cases in the Czech Republic, 2005\u20132006","volume":"13","author":"Boxall","year":"2008"},{"key":"b12","series-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep","first-page":"125","article-title":"Update: Mumps outbreak\u2014New York and New Jersey, June 2009\u2013January 2010","volume":"59","year":"2010"},{"key":"b13","series-title":"Clin Infect Dis","first-page":"1172","article-title":"Mumps vaccine performance among university students during a mumps outbreak","volume":"46","author":"Cortese","year":"2008"},{"key":"b14","series-title":"Euro Surveill","first-page":"19109","article-title":"Mumps outbreak on the island of Anglesey, North Wales, December 2008\u2013January 2009","volume":"14","author":"Roberts","year":"2009"},{"key":"b15","series-title":"CMAJ","first-page":"483","article-title":"Two successive outbreaks of mumps in Nova Scotia among vaccinated adolescents and young adults","volume":"175","author":"Watson-Creed","year":"2006"},{"key":"b16","series-title":"J Med Virol","first-page":"1819","article-title":"Investigation of a mumps outbreak among university students with two measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) vaccinations, Virginia, September\u2013December 2006","volume":"81","author":"Rota","year":"2009"},{"key":"b17","series-title":"Pediatrics","first-page":"e1567","article-title":"Impact of a third dose of measles-mumps-rubella vaccine on a mumps outbreak","volume":"130","author":"Ogbuanu","year":"2012"},{"key":"b18","series-title":"Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis","first-page":"455","article-title":"Control of a nosocomial measles outbreak among previously vaccinated adults in a population with high vaccine coverage: Korea, 2019","volume":"41","author":"Song","year":"2022"},{"key":"b19","series-title":"Viruses","first-page":"1982","article-title":"Measles in vaccinated people: Epidemiology and challenges in surveillance and diagnosis in the post-elimination phase. Spain, 2014\u20132020","volume":"13","author":"L\u00f3pez-Perea","year":"2021"},{"key":"b20","series-title":"BMC Infect Dis","first-page":"236","article-title":"Measles in Canada: Modelling outbreaks with variable vaccine coverage and interventions","volume":"25","author":"McNichol","year":"2025"},{"key":"b1","series-title":"Int J Public Health","first-page":"847","article-title":"Epidemiology and economic burden of measles, mumps, pertussis, and varicella in Germany: A systematic review","volume":"61","author":"Damm","year":"2016"},{"key":"b2","series-title":"Hum Vaccin Immunother","first-page":"5372","article-title":"Prevention of measles, mumps and rubella: 40 years of global experience with M-M-R(II)","volume":"17","author":"Kuter","year":"2021"},{"key":"b3","article-title":"Libya Conducts Round of National Immunization Days for Polio, Measles, Rubella and Mumps.","year":"2017"},{"key":"b4","article-title":"Measles Vaccination Coverage: Libya.","year":"2025"},{"key":"b5","article-title":"Estimation of Libyan Population According to Regions.","year":"2020"},{"key":"b6","series-title":"PLoS One","first-page":"e0205339","article-title":"Monitoring the age-specificity of measles transmissions during 2009\u20132016 in southern China","volume":"13","author":"Chong","year":"2018"},{"key":"b7","article-title":"Immunization 2024 Libya Country Profile.","year":"2024"},{"key":"b8","article-title":"Measles.","year":"2024"},{"key":"b9","series-title":"J Pediatr","first-page":"187","article-title":"Mumps outbreak in a highly vaccinated population","volume":"119","author":"Hersh","year":"1991"},{"key":"b10","series-title":"Med J Aust","first-page":"398","article-title":"A prolonged mumps outbreak among highly vaccinated Aboriginal people in the Kimberley region of Western Australia","volume":"191","author":"Bangor-Jones","year":"2009"},{"key":"b11","series-title":"Euro Surveill","first-page":"18842","article-title":"An increase in the number of mumps cases in the Czech Republic, 2005\u20132006","volume":"13","author":"Boxall","year":"2008"},{"key":"b12","series-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep","first-page":"125","article-title":"Update: Mumps outbreak\u2014New York and New Jersey, June 2009\u2013January 2010","volume":"59","year":"2010"},{"key":"b13","series-title":"Clin Infect Dis","first-page":"1172","article-title":"Mumps vaccine performance among university students during a mumps outbreak","volume":"46","author":"Cortese","year":"2008"},{"key":"b14","series-title":"Euro Surveill","first-page":"19109","article-title":"Mumps outbreak on the island of Anglesey, North Wales, December 2008\u2013January 2009","volume":"14","author":"Roberts","year":"2009"},{"key":"b15","series-title":"CMAJ","first-page":"483","article-title":"Two successive outbreaks of mumps in Nova Scotia among vaccinated adolescents and young adults","volume":"175","author":"Watson-Creed","year":"2006"},{"key":"b16","series-title":"J Med Virol","first-page":"1819","article-title":"Investigation of a mumps outbreak among university students with two measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) vaccinations, Virginia, September\u2013December 2006","volume":"81","author":"Rota","year":"2009"},{"key":"b17","series-title":"Pediatrics","first-page":"e1567","article-title":"Impact of a third dose of measles-mumps-rubella vaccine on a mumps outbreak","volume":"130","author":"Ogbuanu","year":"2012"},{"key":"b18","series-title":"Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis","first-page":"455","article-title":"Control of a nosocomial measles outbreak among previously vaccinated adults in a population with high vaccine coverage: Korea, 2019","volume":"41","author":"Song","year":"2022"},{"key":"b19","series-title":"Viruses","first-page":"1982","article-title":"Measles in vaccinated people: Epidemiology and challenges in surveillance and diagnosis in the post-elimination phase. Spain, 2014\u20132020","volume":"13","author":"L\u00f3pez-Perea","year":"2021"},{"key":"b20","series-title":"BMC Infect Dis","first-page":"236","article-title":"Measles in Canada: Modelling outbreaks with variable vaccine coverage and interventions","volume":"25","author":"McNichol","year":"2025"}],"container-title":["The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/view\/journals\/tpmd\/114\/1\/article-p101.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/tpmd\/114\/1\/article-p101.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/tpmd\/114\/1\/article-p101.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,7]],"date-time":"2026-01-07T13:53:15Z","timestamp":1767793995000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/view\/journals\/tpmd\/114\/1\/article-p101.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,7]]},"references-count":40,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4269\/ajtmh.24-0733","relation":{},"ISSN":["0002-9637","1476-1645"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0002-9637","type":"print"},{"value":"1476-1645","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,7]]}}}