{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,14]],"date-time":"2026-01-14T19:59:09Z","timestamp":1768420749507,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene","issue":"6","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT.<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) poses a major threat to public health worldwide. In Africa, the overall burden of AMR is not well understood or documented because of inadequate data and lack of surveillance, and empirical treatment takes a major part in the clinical management of infections. We assessed AMR in infected surgical wounds at the University Teaching Hospital of Kigali from January 1st to December 31st, 2022. The study analyzed a total of 136 swab cultures from the surgery department; 89 (65.4%) were culture positive and included in the analysis. The mean age of patients with positive culture was 37 \u00b1 17 years old, and the sex distribution consisted of 65 males (73%) and 24 females (27%). Data were analyzed using SPSS v. 21. The study identified a diverse array of different bacterial isolates. <jats:italic>Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic> was the most prevalent (19.1%) followed by <jats:italic>Staphylococcus aureus<\/jats:italic> (17%) and <jats:italic>Klebsiella pneumoniae<\/jats:italic> (16%). Other notable isolates included <jats:italic>Citrobacter freundii<\/jats:italic> (11%), <jats:italic>Pseudomonas aeruginosa<\/jats:italic> (9%), and <jats:italic>Acinetobacter baumannii<\/jats:italic> (9%). <jats:italic>Acinetobacter<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Klebsiella<\/jats:italic> had higher resistance rates of 80% and 76.5%, respectively. The average resistance rate across all isolates was 63%. Moreover, among the 89 patients who had positive swab culture results, 86 (96.6%) recovered completely, and 3 (3.4%) died. The study highlights a high level of antibiotic resistance, particularly among common Gram-negative pathogens, emphasizing the need for ongoing monitoring and the development of targeted treatment strategies to address this public health challenge.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.24-0740","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,1]],"date-time":"2025-04-01T14:11:45Z","timestamp":1743516705000},"page":"1240-1244","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Antimicrobial Resistance in Surgical Patients at the University Teaching Hospital of Kigali: A Cross-Sectional Study"],"prefix":"10.4269","volume":"112","author":[{"given":"Jo\u00ebl Bizimanasharale","family":"Bikoroti","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, University Teaching Hospital of Kigali, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Rwanda, Kigali, Rwanda;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Belise","family":"Mukambasabire","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, University Teaching Hospital of Kigali, Kigali, Rwanda;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gilbert","family":"Uwizeyimana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, University Teaching Hospital of Kigali, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Rwanda, Kigali, Rwanda;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jean Bosco","family":"Munyemana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, University Teaching Hospital of Kigali, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Rwanda, Kigali, Rwanda;"},{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Rwanda, Kigali, Rwanda;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jolie","family":"Mariza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Masaka Hospital, Kigali, Rwanda"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"2795","reference":[{"key":"b1","series-title":"Lancet","first-page":"629","article-title":"Global burden of bacterial antimicrobial resistance in 2019: A systematic analysis","volume":"399","year":"2022"},{"key":"b2","article-title":"Antimicrobial Resistance: Accelerating National and Global Responses. WHO Strategic and Operational Priorities to Address Drug-Resistant Bacterial Infections in the Human Health Sector, 2025\u20132035. 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(AMR).","year":"2024"},{"key":"b10","series-title":"Antimicrob Resist Infect Control","first-page":"39","article-title":"Incidence and risk factors of surgical site infections and related antibiotic resistance in Freetown, Sierra Leone: A prospective cohort study","volume":"11","author":"Lakoh","year":"2022"},{"key":"b11","series-title":"Int J Surg Glob Health","first-page":"e0403","article-title":"Pattern of antibiotic resistance in surgical site infections in a tertiary care hospital of Nepal","volume":"7","author":"Dahal","year":"2024"},{"key":"b12","series-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"865","article-title":"High prevalence of antimicrobial resistance among common bacterial isolates in a tertiary healthcare facility in Rwanda","volume":"92","author":"Ntirenganya","year":"2015"},{"key":"b13","series-title":"Int J Microbiol","first-page":"9302692","article-title":"Antibiotic susceptibility patterns of bacterial isolates from pus samples in a tertiary care hospital of 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Literature Review.","year":"2021"},{"key":"b21","series-title":"Surg Infect (Larchmt)","first-page":"382","article-title":"Antibiotic use and antimicrobial resistance of surgical patients with peritonitis at a tertiary referral hospital in Rwanda","volume":"19","author":"Rickard","year":"2018"},{"key":"b22","series-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"565","article-title":"Prevalence of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Enterobacteriaceae and associated clinical implications at the University Teaching Hospital of Kigali in Rwanda","volume":"111","author":"Kayinamura","year":"2024"},{"key":"b23","series-title":"J Adv Biotechnol Exp Ther","first-page":"178","article-title":"Determination of multi-drug resistance profile of isolated Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria from clinical pus samples in Bangladesh","volume":"7","author":"Nobel","year":"2024"},{"key":"b24"},{"key":"b25","series-title":"Int J Infect Dis","first-page":"70","article-title":"Emergence of a 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