{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,5]],"date-time":"2025-06-05T04:12:32Z","timestamp":1749096752791,"version":"3.41.0"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene","issue":"6","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT.<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Cervical cancer remains a major health problem, especially in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), with human papillomavirus (HPV) infection serving as the primary precursor. Despite global efforts to combat cervical cancer, including vaccination, a critical knowledge gap persists regarding HPV prevalence, genotype distribution, and their correlation with cervical lesions in LMICs. This study has assessed the prevalence of HPV infection, identified the most common HPV genotypes, and evaluated their correlation with cervical lesions at the University Teaching Hospital of Kigali, Rwanda. A total of 473 women were screened for HPV infection, with further evaluation of cervical lesions in HPV-positive women. The overall HPV prevalence was 74 of 473 (15.6%), with the highest concentration among women aged 41\u201345 years (29.7%). HPV genotypes 16 and 18 were most prevalent (7.6% each). Cyto-histological examination showed 23.6% cancerous lesions and 37.2% benign lesions in women with HPV-positive results. Women with high-risk HPV (HR-HPV) infections had a 2.67-fold increased risk of developing cancerous lesions compared with those with low-risk HPV infections (95% CI: 1.08\u20136.58, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = 0.033). Notably, 21.6% of HPV-positive women were also HIV-positive, highlighting the coinfection of these two viruses. In conclusion, this study demonstrates a varied distribution of HPV genotypes among Rwandan women and a significant association between HR-HPV types and cervical lesions. These findings emphasize the need for tailored cervical cancer prevention strategies, including targeted surveillance, vaccination, and enhanced screening in Rwanda and similar resource-limited settings.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.24-0760","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,25]],"date-time":"2025-03-25T14:50:54Z","timestamp":1742914254000},"page":"1335-1340","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Prevalence of Human Papillomavirus and Genotype Correlation with Cervical Lesions at the University Teaching Hospital of Kigali"],"prefix":"10.4269","volume":"112","author":[{"given":"Evode","family":"Mbabazi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Rwanda, Kigali, Rwanda;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jean Bosco","family":"Munyemana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Rwanda, Kigali, Rwanda;"},{"name":"Department of Pathology, University Teaching Hospital of Kigali, Kigali, Rwanda"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Julienne","family":"Mukashema","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, University Teaching Hospital of Kigali, Kigali, Rwanda"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Emmanuel","family":"Bazimaziki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, University Teaching Hospital of Kigali, Kigali, Rwanda"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marie Claire","family":"Ndayisaba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Rwanda, Kigali, Rwanda;"},{"name":"Department of Pathology, University Teaching Hospital of Kigali, Kigali, Rwanda"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Taofeek Tope","family":"Adegboyega","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Rwanda, Kigali, Rwanda;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Belson","family":"Rugwizangoga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Rwanda, Kigali, Rwanda;"},{"name":"Department of Pathology, University Teaching Hospital of Kigali, Kigali, Rwanda"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"2795","reference":[{"year":"2023","series-title":"StatPearls","author":"Fowler","key":"b1"},{"key":"b2","series-title":"Oncol Lett","first-page":"2058","article-title":"Cervical cancer in low and middle-income countries","volume":"20","author":"Hull","year":"2020"},{"key":"b3","series-title":"Lancet Glob Health","first-page":"e197","article-title":"Global estimates of incidence and mortality of cervical cancer in 2020: A baseline analysis of the WHO Global Cervical Cancer Elimination Initiative","volume":"11","author":"Singh","year":"2023"},{"key":"b4","series-title":"CA Cancer J Clin","first-page":"209","article-title":"Global cancer statistics 2020: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries","volume":"71","author":"Sung","year":"2021"},{"key":"b5","series-title":"BMC Womens Health","first-page":"59","article-title":"Evaluation of human-papillomavirus testing and visual inspection for cervical cancer screening in Rwanda","volume":"18","author":"Umulisa","year":"2018"},{"key":"b6","series-title":"Int J Womens Health","first-page":"1191","article-title":"Knowledge, barriers, and motivators to cervical cancer screening in Rwanda: A qualitative study","volume":"14","author":"Gafaranga","year":"2022"},{"key":"b7","series-title":"Lancet Glob Health","first-page":"e191","article-title":"Estimates of incidence and mortality of cervical cancer in 2018: A worldwide analysis","volume":"8","author":"Arbyn","year":"2020"},{"key":"b8","series-title":"J Obstet Gynaecol","first-page":"602","article-title":"Human papillomavirus and cervical cancer","volume":"40","author":"Okunade","year":"2020"},{"key":"b9","series-title":"J Gynecol Oncol","first-page":"e80","article-title":"Does adenocarcinoma have a worse prognosis than squamous cell carcinoma in patients with cervical cancer? A real-world study with a propensity score matching analysis","volume":"31","author":"Pan","year":"2020"},{"key":"b10","series-title":"Int J Clin Oncol","first-page":"522","article-title":"A comparison of the prognosis between adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma in stage IB-IIA cervical cancer","volume":"23","author":"Xie","year":"2018"},{"key":"b11","series-title":"Front Immunol","first-page":"805695","article-title":"An update on human papilloma virus vaccines: History, types, protection, and efficacy","volume":"12","author":"Yousefi","year":"2021"},{"key":"b12","series-title":"Antiviral Res","first-page":"101","article-title":"Gardasil-9: A global survey of projected efficacy","volume":"130","author":"Zhai","year":"2016"},{"key":"b13","series-title":"N Engl J Med","first-page":"1340","article-title":"HPV vaccination and the risk of invasive cervical cancer","volume":"383","author":"Lei","year":"2020"},{"key":"b14","series-title":"J Infect Dis","first-page":"382","article-title":"Bivalent human papillomavirus vaccine effectiveness in a Japanese population: High vaccine-type-specific effectiveness and evidence of cross-protection","volume":"219","author":"Kudo","year":"2019"},{"key":"b15","series-title":"Vaccine","first-page":"4001","article-title":"Human papillomavirus vaccine coverage in Rwanda: A population-level analysis by birth cohort","volume":"38","author":"Sayinzoga","year":"2020"},{"key":"b16","series-title":"Lancet","first-page":"890","article-title":"Human papillomavirus and cervical cancer","volume":"370","author":"Schiffman","year":"2007"},{"key":"b17","series-title":"BMC Infect Dis","first-page":"783","article-title":"A comparative analysis of cycle threshold (Ct) values from Cobas4800 and AmpFire HPV assay for triage of women with positive hrHPV results","volume":"23","author":"Zhang","year":"2023"},{"key":"b18","series-title":"IARC Monogr Eval Carcinog Risks Hum","first-page":"1","article-title":"Biological agents","volume":"100","year":"2012"},{"key":"b19","series-title":"BMC Infect Dis","first-page":"459","article-title":"Human papillomavirus prevalence in South African women and men according to age and human immunodeficiency virus status","volume":"15","author":"Mbulawa","year":"2015"},{"key":"b20","series-title":"PLoS ONE","first-page":"e0122488","article-title":"Prevalence of human papillomavirus genotypes among African women with normal cervical cytology and neoplasia: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"10","author":"Ogembo","year":"2015"},{"key":"b21","series-title":"J Infect Dis","first-page":"1789","article-title":"Cervical human papillomavirus prevalence in 5 continents: Meta\u2010analysis of 1 million women with normal cytological findings","volume":"202","author":"Bruni","year":"2010"},{"key":"b22","series-title":"IJERPH","first-page":"6998","article-title":"Understanding HPV vaccination policymaking in Rwanda: A case of health prioritization and public-private-partnership in a low-resource setting","volume":"20","author":"Asempah","year":"2023"},{"key":"b23","series-title":"CMAJ","first-page":"431","article-title":"Human papillomavirus and HIV coinfection and the risk of neoplasias of the lower genital tract: A review of recent developments","volume":"169","author":"Ferenczy","year":"2003"},{"key":"b24","series-title":"Vaccine","first-page":"F168","article-title":"Human papillomavirus, human immunodeficiency virus and immunosuppression","volume":"30 Suppl 5","author":"Denny","year":"2012"},{"key":"b25","series-title":"Lancet Oncol","first-page":"1048","article-title":"Human papillomavirus genotype attribution in invasive cervical cancer: A retrospective cross-sectional worldwide study","volume":"11","author":"de Sanjose","year":"2010"},{"key":"b26","series-title":"Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol","first-page":"14","article-title":"Epidemiology and burden of HPV-related disease","volume":"47","author":"Serrano","year":"2018"},{"key":"b27","series-title":"PLoS ONE","first-page":"e0272205","article-title":"Distribution of human papillomavirus genotypes by severity of cervical lesions in HPV screened positive women from the ESTAMPA study in Latin America","volume":"17","author":"Correa","year":"2022"},{"key":"b28","series-title":"Int J Cancer","first-page":"63","article-title":"Biological activity of probable\/possible high\u2010risk human papillomavirus types in cervical cancer","volume":"132","author":"Halec","year":"2013"},{"key":"b29","series-title":"Infect Agent Cancer","first-page":"26","article-title":"Prevalence of \u201cunclassified\u201d HPV genotypes among women with abnormal cytology","volume":"13","author":"Annunziata","year":"2018"},{"key":"b30","series-title":"Cancer Med","first-page":"e70148","article-title":"Prevalence and genotype distribution of HPV combined with cervical pathological results in women from Sichuan, China: A cross-sectional study based on post-vaccination period 2019 to 2023","volume":"13","author":"Mo","year":"2024"},{"key":"b31","series-title":"Oncotarget","first-page":"15386","article-title":"Prevalence of human papillomavirus genotypes and relative risk of cervical cancer in China: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"9","author":"Xu","year":"2018"},{"key":"b32","series-title":"Curr Obstet Gynecol Rep","first-page":"76","article-title":"HPV-based tests for cervical cancer screening and management of cervical disease","volume":"2","author":"Luhn","year":"2013"},{"key":"b33","series-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev","first-page":"1","article-title":"Human papillomavirus and cervical cancer","volume":"16","author":"Burd","year":"2003"}],"container-title":["The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/view\/journals\/tpmd\/112\/6\/article-p1335.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/tpmd\/112\/6\/article-p1335.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/tpmd\/112\/6\/article-p1335.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,4]],"date-time":"2025-06-04T13:04:53Z","timestamp":1749042293000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/view\/journals\/tpmd\/112\/6\/article-p1335.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,4]]},"references-count":33,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4269\/ajtmh.24-0760","relation":{},"ISSN":["0002-9637","1476-1645"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0002-9637"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1476-1645"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,4]]}}}