{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T00:51:22Z","timestamp":1789519882237,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT.<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p><jats:italic>Onchocerca lupi<\/jats:italic> is an emerging zoonotic parasite in the southwestern United States that typically involves a single site in the head and neck region and is not known to recur after treatment. Human infection with <jats:italic>O. lupi<\/jats:italic> is reported in seven cases in the endemic southwestern United States and others from the Old World. Most U.S. cases involved the head and neck, with several presenting with neuroinvasive cervical disease, which can lead to spinal cord injury and meningitis. Recurrent infection has not been described in humans after surgical intervention and\/or anthelmintic therapy; however, one case required revision surgery to excise residual worm fragments and inflammation. We present a case of either relapse or reinfection with <jats:italic>O. lupi<\/jats:italic> at a separate anatomic location nearly 3 years after completing treatment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.24-0795","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,5]],"date-time":"2025-08-05T14:24:34Z","timestamp":1754403874000},"page":"844-847","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Recurrence or Reinfection with Onchocerca lupi in a Child in 2021 and 2024 in New Mexico amid Rising Canine Infections"],"prefix":"10.4269","volume":"113","author":[{"given":"Tania L.","family":"Kraai","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, New Mexico;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andres","family":"Alarcon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, New Mexico;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexis","family":"Lopez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, New Mexico;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guilherme G.","family":"Verocai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine and Biological Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nancy Johnstone","family":"McLean","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ophthalmology, VCA Veterinary Care Animal Hospital, Albuquerque, New Mexico;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yvonne","family":"Qvarnstrom","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah G. H.","family":"Sapp","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul T.","family":"Cantey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Walter","family":"Dehority","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"2795","reference":[{"key":"b1","series-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"1556","article-title":"Duplex real-time PCR assay for clinical differentiation of Onchocerca lupi and Onchocerca volvulus.","volume":"103","author":"de Almeida","year":"2020"},{"key":"b2","series-title":"Yale J Biol Med","first-page":"331","article-title":"Zoonotic ocular onchocercosis by Onchocerca lupi.","volume":"94","author":"Rojas","year":"2021"},{"key":"b3","series-title":"Vet Ophthalmol","first-page":"349","article-title":"Canine ocular onchocerciasis: A retrospective review of the diagnosis, treatment, and outcome of 16 cases in New Mexico (2011\u20132015)","volume":"20","author":"McLean","year":"2017"},{"key":"b4","series-title":"Clin Infect Dis","first-page":"778","article-title":"The emergence of zoonotic Onchocerca lupi infection in the United States\u2014A case-series","volume":"62","author":"Cantey","year":"2016"},{"key":"b5","series-title":"Emerg Infect Dis","first-page":"2989","article-title":"Coyotes as reservoirs for Onchocerca lupi, United States, 2015\u20132018","volume":"26","author":"Roe","year":"2020"},{"key":"b6","series-title":"Emerg Infect Dis","first-page":"789","article-title":"Isolation of Onchocerca lupi in dogs and black flies, California, USA","volume":"21","author":"Hassan","year":"2015"},{"key":"b7","series-title":"Front Vet 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girl","volume":"2022","author":"Bowers-Wu","year":"2022"},{"key":"b11","series-title":"Emerg Infect Dis","first-page":"868","article-title":"Canine infections with Onchocerca lupi nematodes, United States, 2011\u20132014","volume":"21","author":"Otranto","year":"2015"},{"key":"b12","series-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"55","article-title":"Case report: First evidence of human zoonotic infection by Onchocerca lupi (Spirurida, Onchocercidae)","volume":"84","author":"Otranto","year":"2011"},{"key":"b13","series-title":"Sci Rep","first-page":"3348","article-title":"Development of an indirect ELISA for the serodiagnosis of canine infection by Onchocerca lupi.","volume":"14","author":"Latrofa","year":"2024"},{"key":"b14","series-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis","first-page":"e0006402","article-title":"A real-time PCR tool for the surveillance of zoonotic Onchocerca lupi in dogs, cats and potential vectors","volume":"12","author":"Latrofa","year":"2018"},{"key":"b15","series-title":"J Neurosurg Pediatr","first-page":"118","article-title":"Letter to the editor: Onchocerca lupi infection","volume":"17","author":"Cantey","year":"2016"},{"key":"b16","series-title":"Lancet Infect Dis","first-page":"310","article-title":"Effect of single-dose ivermectin on Onchocerca volvulus: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"8","author":"Bas\u00e1\u00f1ez","year":"2008"},{"key":"b17","series-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"601","article-title":"Zoonotic Onchocerca lupi infection in a 22-month-old child in Arizona: First report in the United States and a review of the literature","volume":"88","author":"Eberhard","year":"2013"},{"key":"b18","series-title":"Lancet","first-page":"1372","article-title":"A cervical spine mass caused by Onchocerca lupi.","volume":"386","author":"Dudley","year":"2015"},{"key":"b19","series-title":"J Neurosurg Pediatr","first-page":"217","article-title":"Case report of an epidural cervical Onchocerca lupi infection in a 13-year-old boy","volume":"16","author":"Chen","year":"2015"},{"key":"b20","series-title":"Vet Ophthalmol","first-page":"105","article-title":"Onchocerca lupi causing ocular disease in two cats","volume":"14","author":"Labelle","year":"2011"},{"key":"b21"}],"container-title":["The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and 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