{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,24]],"date-time":"2026-07-24T19:09:43Z","timestamp":1784920183782,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":17,"publisher":"American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT.<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Insecticide resistance in anopheline malaria vectors poses a major threat to malaria control and elimination efforts. We conducted spatial analyses using publicly available and published data to document and model the geospatial distribution of\n                    <jats:italic>Anopheles<\/jats:italic>\n                    spp. insecticide resistance in Tanzania at the national, regional, district, and subdistrict levels for the 2012\u20132021 period. An insecticide resistance map modeled for 2022 predicted that anopheline insecticide susceptibility remained above the 90% susceptibility threshold for all major insecticide classes, except for pyrethroids. We calculate that although resistance to pyrethroids occurs in 99.8% of Tanzania\u2019s territory, resistance to carbamates, organophosphates, and organochlorines is present in only 7.4%, 0.2%, and 1.3% of the territory, respectively. These modeled findings indicate that despite widespread pyrethroid resistance in Tanzania, significant opportunities for insecticide-based vector control remain, as major vectors are still broadly susceptible to other insecticide classes. The regular use of this predictive methodology can help malaria program management staff adjust their vector control strategies.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.24-0821","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,20]],"date-time":"2025-05-20T11:00:12Z","timestamp":1747738812000},"page":"282-285","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Modeling Insecticide Susceptibility and Resistance in Anopheles spp. Populations in Tanzania, 2022"],"prefix":"10.4269","volume":"113","author":[{"given":"Donal","family":"Bisanzio","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"RTI International, Washington, District of Columbia;"},{"name":"School of Medicine, Nottingham University, Nottingham, United Kingdom;"},{"name":"Environmental Health and Ecological Sciences Department, Ifakara Health Institute, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samwel","family":"Lazaro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Malaria Control Program, Mainland, Tanzania;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shija Joseph","family":"Shija","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zanzibar Malaria Elimination Program, Stonetown, Zanzibar;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Charles Dismas","family":"Mwalimu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Malaria Control Program, Mainland, Tanzania;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bakari","family":"Khatibu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zanzibar Malaria Elimination Program, Stonetown, Zanzibar;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Naomi","family":"Serbantez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"US President\u2019s Malaria Initiative, US Agency for International Development, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"William Nhandi","family":"Kisinza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute for Medical Research, Amani Research Center, Tanzania;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephen","family":"Magesa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute for Medical Research, Amani Research Center, Tanzania;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nico","family":"Govella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Environmental Health and Ecological Sciences Department, Ifakara Health Institute, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fredros","family":"Okumu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Environmental Health and Ecological Sciences Department, Ifakara Health Institute, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania;"},{"name":"School of Biodiversity, One Health and Veterinary Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard","family":"Reithinger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"RTI International, Washington, District of Columbia;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"2795","reference":[{"key":"b1","series-title":"Nature","first-page":"207","article-title":"The effect of malaria control on Plasmodium falciparum in Africa between 2000 and 2015","volume":"526","author":"Bhatt","year":"2015"},{"key":"b2","series-title":"Guidelines for Malaria","year":"2023"},{"key":"b3","series-title":"National Malaria Strategic Plan 2021\u20132025","year":"2020"},{"key":"b4","series-title":"Tanzania Demographic and Health Survey and Malaria Indicator Survey 2022 Final Report","year":"2022"},{"key":"b5","series-title":"Malar J","first-page":"29","article-title":"Dynamics of malaria vector composition and Plasmodium falciparum infection in mainland Tanzania: 2017\u20132021 data from the national malaria vector entomological surveillance","volume":"23","author":"Mwalimu","year":"2024"},{"key":"b6","series-title":"Parasit Vectors","first-page":"343","article-title":"The dynamics of pyrethroid resistance in Anopheles arabiensis from Zanzibar and an assessment of the underlying genetic basis","volume":"6","author":"Jones","year":"2013"},{"key":"b7","series-title":"Parasit Vectors","first-page":"230","article-title":"Genetic markers associated with the widespread insecticide resistance in malaria vector Anopheles funestus populations across Tanzania","volume":"17","author":"Odero","year":"2024"},{"key":"b8","series-title":"PLoS Biol","first-page":"e3000633","article-title":"Mapping trends in insecticide resistance phenotypes in African malaria vectors","volume":"18","author":"Hancock","year":"2020"},{"key":"b9","series-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA","first-page":"22042","article-title":"Evaluating insecticide resistance across African districts to aid malaria control decisions","volume":"117","author":"Moyes","year":"2020"},{"key":"b10","series-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"308","article-title":"Modelling insecticide resistance of malaria vector populations in Tanzania","volume":"107","author":"Bisanzio","year":"2022"},{"key":"b11","series-title":"Generalized Additive Models: An Introduction with R","author":"Wood","year":"2017"},{"key":"b12","series-title":"Malar J","first-page":"439","article-title":"Multiple insecticide resistance in Anopheles gambiae from Tanzania: A major concern for malaria vector control","volume":"16","author":"Kisinza","year":"2017"},{"key":"b13","series-title":"Wellcome Open Res","first-page":"96","article-title":"Fine-scale spatial and temporal heterogeneities in insecticide resistance profiles of the malaria vector, Anopheles arabiensis in rural south-eastern Tanzania","volume":"2","author":"Matowo","year":"2017"},{"key":"b14","series-title":"PLoS One","first-page":"e80549","article-title":"Impacts of agricultural practices on insecticide resistance in the malaria vector Anopheles arabiensis in Khartoum State, Sudan","volume":"8","author":"Abuelmaali","year":"2013"},{"key":"b15","series-title":"PLoS One","first-page":"e0155746","article-title":"Spatial and temporal trends in insecticide resistance among malaria vectors in Chad highlight the importance of continual monitoring","volume":"11","author":"Foster","year":"2016"},{"key":"b16","series-title":"Lancet Infect Dis","first-page":"87","article-title":"Effectiveness of long-lasting insecticidal nets with pyriproxyfen-pyrethroid, chlorfenapyr-pyrethroid, or piperonyl butoxide-pyrethroid versus pyrethroid only against malaria in Tanzania: Final-year results of a four-arm, single-blind, cluster-randomised trial","volume":"24","author":"Mosha","year":"2024"},{"key":"b17","year":"2023"}],"container-title":["The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/view\/journals\/tpmd\/113\/2\/article-p282.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/tpmd\/113\/2\/article-p282.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/tpmd\/113\/2\/article-p282.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,24]],"date-time":"2026-07-24T18:58:40Z","timestamp":1784919520000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/view\/journals\/tpmd\/113\/2\/article-p282.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,6]]},"references-count":17,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4269\/ajtmh.24-0821","relation":{},"ISSN":["0002-9637","1476-1645"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0002-9637","type":"print"},{"value":"1476-1645","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,6]]}}}