{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,16]],"date-time":"2026-02-16T16:24:37Z","timestamp":1771259077082,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene","issue":"2_Suppl","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,3]],"date-time":"2026-02-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770076800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT.<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    In 2018, insecticide-treated nets (ITNs) were mass distributed across Madagascar. The bio-efficacy of DawaPlus\n                    <jats:sup>\u00ae<\/jats:sup>\n                    2.0 and PermaNet\n                    <jats:sup>\u00ae<\/jats:sup>\n                    2.0 ITNs was assessed upon arrival and at 12, 24, and 36 months after distribution. Chemical analyses of insecticide residue on ITNs were also conducted. On arrival, mosquito mortality rates observed when exposed to DawaPlus 2.0 (86.4%) and PermaNet 2.0 nets (83.6%) exceeded the WHO\u2019s threshold of 80.0%. At 12, 24, and 36 months after distribution, mosquito mortality rates were &lt;56% for all districts. Moreover, the knockdown effect was below the WHO threshold of 95.0% for all districts and at all time points, even for new ITNs. With the exception of the new DawaPlus 2.0, the deltamethrin residue on ITNs was also lower than the expected ranges of 80 mg\/m\n                    <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                    \u00b1 25% for DawaPlus 2.0 and 55 mg\/m\n                    <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                    \u00b1 25% for PermaNet 2.0; regardless of ITN age, the concentration of deltamethrin was &lt;66 mg\/m\n                    <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                    for DawaPlus 2.0 and &lt;36 mg\/m\n                    <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                    for PermaNet 2.0 ITNs. According to the manufacturers, ITNs are effective for 36 months; therefore, mass distribution campaigns are organized every 3 years. However, the DawaPlus 2.0 and PermaNet 2.0 ITNs exhibited a loss of bio-efficacy within 1 year of distribution. This bio-efficacy loss could be due to a manufacturing problem, poor storage and transportation conditions, or poor use and net care practices in Madagascar. Understanding and correcting the root causes of this issue is critical for guiding corrective actions, such as improving manufacturing processes, replacing ITNs more frequently, and increasing education on ITN care.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.24-0858","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,23]],"date-time":"2025-10-23T15:52:28Z","timestamp":1761234748000},"page":"23-27","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Early Bio-Efficacy Loss of Nets Mass Distributed for Malaria Vector Control in Madagascar in 2018: Implications for Malaria Prevention"],"prefix":"10.4269","volume":"114","author":[{"given":"Thiery","family":"Nepomichene","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Entomology Unit, Institut Pasteur de Madagascar, Antananarivo, Madagascar;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rico","family":"Randrenjarison","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Entomology Unit, Institut Pasteur de Madagascar, Antananarivo, Madagascar;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jacky","family":"Raharinjatovo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Population Services International Madagascar, Antananarivo, Madagascar;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Isabel","family":"Swamidoss","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Malaria Branch, US President\u2019s Malaria Initiative, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Carla","family":"Mapp","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Malaria Branch, US President\u2019s Malaria Initiative, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Laurent","family":"Kapesa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"US President\u2019s Malaria Initiative, USAID, Antananarivo, Madagascar;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jocelyn","family":"Razafindrakoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"US President\u2019s Malaria Initiative, USAID, Antananarivo, Madagascar;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Bowen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"US President\u2019s Malaria Initiative, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Antananarivo, Madagascar;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Allison","family":"Belemvire","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"US President\u2019s Malaria Initiative, USAID, Washington, District of Columbia;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sarah","family":"Zohdy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Entomology Branch, US President\u2019s Malaria Initiative, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stephen","family":"Poyer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Population Services International, Washington, District of Columbia;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Romain","family":"Girod","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Entomology Unit, Institut Pasteur de Madagascar, Antananarivo, Madagascar;"},{"name":"Institut Pasteur, Paris, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"2795","reference":[{"key":"b1","article-title":"World Malaria Report 2018.","year":"2018"},{"key":"b2","series-title":"Nat Commun","first-page":"676","article-title":"Quantifying the direct and indirect protection provided by insecticide treated bed nets against malaria","volume":"14","author":"Unwin","year":"2023"},{"key":"b3","series-title":"Malar J","first-page":"189","article-title":"Comparing the durability of the long-lasting insecticidal nets DawaPlus\u00ae 2.0 and DuraNet\u00a9 in northwest Democratic Republic of Congo","volume":"19","author":"Mansiangi","year":"2020"},{"key":"b4","series-title":"J Vector Borne Dis","first-page":"281","article-title":"Impact of full coverage of population with Long-Lasting Insecticidal Nets (LLINs) on malaria vector density in Gadchiroli district of Maharashtra, India","volume":"61","author":"Kumar","year":"2024"},{"key":"b5","series-title":"Lancet Glob Health","first-page":"e1325","article-title":"Threats to the effectiveness of insecticide-treated bednets for malaria control: Thinking beyond insecticide resistance","volume":"9","author":"Lindsay","year":"2021"},{"key":"b6","article-title":"Report of the Thirteenth WHOPES Working Group Meeting.","year":"2009"},{"key":"b7","article-title":"Report of the Seventh WHOPES Working Group Meeting, WHO\/HQ, Geneva 2-4 December 2003.","year":"2004"},{"key":"b8","article-title":"Guidelines for Laboratory and Field-Testing of Long-Lasting Insecticidal Nets.","year":"2013"},{"key":"b9","series-title":"Malar J","first-page":"338","article-title":"Susceptibility status of Anopheles arabiensis (Diptera: Culicidae) commonly used as biological materials for evaluations of malaria vector control tools in Madagascar","volume":"15","author":"Randriamaherijaona","year":"2016"},{"key":"b10","article-title":"Madagascar Malaria Profile.","year":"2023"},{"key":"b11","series-title":"Malar J","first-page":"349","article-title":"Coating formulation change leads to inferior performance of long-lasting insecticidal nets in Papua New Guinea","volume":"21","author":"Bubun","year":"2022"},{"key":"b12","series-title":"Malar J","first-page":"110","article-title":"Long-lasting insecticidal nets retain bio-efficacy after 5 years of storage: Implications for malaria control programmes","volume":"19","author":"Musa","year":"2020"},{"key":"b1","article-title":"World Malaria Report 2018.","year":"2018"},{"key":"b2","series-title":"Nat 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Guinea","volume":"21","author":"Bubun","year":"2022"},{"key":"b12","series-title":"Malar J","first-page":"110","article-title":"Long-lasting insecticidal nets retain bio-efficacy after 5 years of storage: Implications for malaria control programmes","volume":"19","author":"Musa","year":"2020"}],"container-title":["The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and 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