{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,5]],"date-time":"2026-03-05T20:01:08Z","timestamp":1772740868839,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT.<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Cutaneous abscesses are the most common skin infections in Amazonia; however, data on the infectious agents in this tropical region are scarce. The humid and hot climate of the Amazon region, coupled with exposure to environmental contaminants from aquatic, telluric, plant, insect, and animal sources, could modify the infectious agents responsible for skin abscesses, which are largely dominated by\n                    <jats:italic>Staphylococcus aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                    (\n                    <jats:italic>S. aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) in temperate regions. A retrospective monocentric study was conducted from January 1, 2023 to January 15, 2024. Any patient over 18 years of age admitted to the Surgery Department of Cayenne Hospital, French Guiana, for drained abscesses who had a positive microbiological specimen was included. Contiguous osteoarticular infection, necrotizing fasciitis, amputation, and unfavorable evolution requiring revision surgery were considered complications. Of 123 eligible patients, 118 patients were analyzed. Gram-positive cocci were found in 75% of samples (primarily\n                    <jats:italic>S. aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                    ), whereas Gram-negative bacilli were present in 36% of samples. Snakebites accounted for a significant proportion of abscesses (14%;\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 17). In the univariate analysis, infections caused by group 3 Enterobacteriaceae, which naturally produce low-level cephalosporinase (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 23),\n                    <jats:italic>Aeromonas hydrophila<\/jats:italic>\n                    . (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 20), and waterborne Enterobacteriaceae (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 26) were significantly associated with lower limb location, secondary abscess, snakebite, polymicrobial infection, and water exposure. Group 3 Enterobacteriaceae-positive cultures were significantly associated with the occurrence of complications, whereas waterborne Enterobacteriaceae were linked to informal settlement housing. In conclusion, these data indicate that in the Amazon region, empiric antibiotic therapy for infections of the lower limbs or secondary to snakebite should target group 3 Enterobacteriaceae and\n                    <jats:italic>Aeromonas<\/jats:italic>\n                    sp. Sulfamethoxazole\u2013trimethoprim may be an effective treatment option for these patients.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.25-0016","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,16]],"date-time":"2025-12-16T14:28:13Z","timestamp":1765895293000},"page":"418-423","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Bacteria Causing Skin Abscesses in French Guiana, Amazonian Zone"],"prefix":"10.4269","volume":"114","author":[{"given":"Karamba","family":"Sylla","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Service des Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales, Centre Hospitalier de Cayenne, Cayenne, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Guyane, French Guiana, France;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Vincent","family":"Sainterose","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Service de Bact\u00e9riologie, Centre Hospitalier de Cayenne, Cayenne, France;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xinggang","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Service d\u2019Orthop\u00e9die, Centre Hospitalier de Cayenne, Cayenne, France;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Adrien","family":"Mons","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Service d\u2019Orthop\u00e9die, Centre Hospitalier de Cayenne, Cayenne, France;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Paul","family":"Le Turnier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Service des Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales, Centre Hospitalier de Cayenne, Cayenne, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Guyane, French Guiana, France;"},{"name":"Centre d\u2019Investigation Clinique Antilles Guyane, Inserm CIC 1424, Centre Hospitalier de Cayenne, Cayenne, France;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lo\u00efc","family":"Epelboin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Service des Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales, Centre Hospitalier de Cayenne, Cayenne, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Guyane, French Guiana, France;"},{"name":"Centre d\u2019Investigation Clinique Antilles Guyane, Inserm CIC 1424, Centre Hospitalier de Cayenne, Cayenne, France;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Felix","family":"Djossou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Service des Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales, Centre Hospitalier de Cayenne, Cayenne, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Guyane, French Guiana, France;"},{"name":"Centre d\u2019Investigation Clinique Antilles Guyane, Inserm CIC 1424, Centre Hospitalier de Cayenne, Cayenne, France;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fr\u00e9d\u00e9gonde","family":"About","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Service des Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales, Centre Hospitalier de Cayenne, Cayenne, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Guyane, French Guiana, France;"},{"name":"Centre d\u2019Investigation Clinique Antilles Guyane, Inserm CIC 1424, Centre Hospitalier de Cayenne, Cayenne, France;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andre-Pierre","family":"Uzel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Service d\u2019Orthop\u00e9die, Centre Hospitalier de Cayenne, Cayenne, France;"},{"name":"Service d\u2019Orthop\u00e9die, CHU de Guadeloupe, Guadeloupe, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mehdi","family":"Boukhaled","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Service d\u2019Orthop\u00e9die, Centre Hospitalier de Cayenne, Cayenne, France;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Olivier","family":"Lesens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Service des Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales, Centre Hospitalier de Cayenne, Cayenne, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Guyane, French Guiana, France;"},{"name":"Centre d\u2019Investigation Clinique Antilles Guyane, Inserm CIC 1424, Centre Hospitalier de Cayenne, Cayenne, France;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"2795","reference":[{"key":"b1","series-title":"Ann Emerg Med","first-page":"44","article-title":"Managing a cutaneous abscess in the emergency department","volume":"78","author":"Schmitz","year":"2021"},{"key":"b2","series-title":"Int J Antimicrob Agents","first-page":"16","article-title":"Panton\u2013Valentine leukocidin-positive Staphylococcus aureus: A position statement from the International Society of Chemotherapy","volume":"51","author":"Saeed","year":"2018"},{"key":"b3","series-title":"Clin Infect Dis","first-page":"464","article-title":"Ampicillin\/sulbactam and cefoxitin in the treatment of cutaneous and other soft-tissue abscesses in patients with or without histories of injection drug abuse","volume":"31","author":"Talan","year":"2000"},{"key":"b4","series-title":"Clin Infect Dis","first-page":"S193","article-title":"Current epidemiology, etiology, and burden of acute skin infections in the United States","volume":"68","author":"Kaye","year":"2019"},{"key":"b5","series-title":"J Emerg Med","first-page":"e397","article-title":"Acute bacterial skin infections: Developments since the 2005 Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA) guidelines","volume":"44","author":"Moran","year":"2013"},{"key":"b6","series-title":"Emerg Infect Dis","first-page":"488","article-title":"Methicillin-susceptible, doxycycline-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, C\u00f4te d\u2019Ivoire","volume":"13","author":"Lesens","year":"2007"},{"key":"b7","series-title":"Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis","first-page":"1757","article-title":"First outbreak of community-acquired MRSA USA300 in France: Failure to suppress prolonged MRSA carriage despite decontamination procedures","volume":"33","author":"Baud","year":"2014"},{"key":"b8","series-title":"N Engl J Med","first-page":"823","article-title":"Trimethoprim\u2013sulfamethoxazole versus placebo for uncomplicated skin abscess","volume":"374","author":"Talan","year":"2016"},{"key":"b9","series-title":"N Engl J Med","first-page":"2545","article-title":"A placebo-controlled trial of antibiotics for smaller skin abscesses","volume":"376","author":"Daum","year":"2017"},{"key":"b10","article-title":"Prise en Charge des Infections Cutan\u00e9es Bact\u00e9riennes Courantes.","year":"2019"},{"key":"b11","series-title":"J Emerg Med","first-page":"512","article-title":"Effectiveness of outpatient antibiotics after surgical drainage of abscesses in reducing treatment failure","volume":"55","author":"Pulia","year":"2018"},{"key":"b12","series-title":"Ann Emerg Med","first-page":"15","article-title":"Treatment of cutaneous abscess: A double-blind clinical study","volume":"14","author":"Llera","year":"1985"},{"key":"b13","series-title":"Int J Dermatol","first-page":"1137","article-title":"Spectrum of skin diseases in Maroon villages of the Maroni area, French Guiana","volume":"61","author":"Valentin","year":"2022"},{"key":"b14","series-title":"J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol","first-page":"e414","article-title":"Skin and soft\u2010tissue infections associated with Aeromonas species in French Guiana: An 11\u2010year retrospective study","volume":"34","author":"Devos","year":"2020"},{"key":"b15","series-title":"Am J Med Sci","first-page":"269","article-title":"Skin, soft tissue and systemic bacterial infections following aquatic injuries and exposures","volume":"349","author":"Diaz","year":"2015"},{"key":"b16","series-title":"Int J Dermatol","first-page":"599","article-title":"Spectrum of skin diseases in Amerindian villages of the Upper Oyapock, French Guiana","volume":"59","author":"Malmontet","year":"2020"},{"key":"b17","series-title":"Acta Derm Venereol","first-page":"adv00113","article-title":"Skin disease in the tropics and the lessons that can be learned from leprosy and other neglected diseases","volume":"100","author":"Hay","year":"2020"},{"key":"b18","series-title":"J Clin Microbiol","first-page":"2554","article-title":"The emergence and importation of diverse genotypes of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) harboring the Panton-Valentine leukocidin gene (pvl) reveal that pvl is a poor marker for community-acquired MRSA strains in Ireland","volume":"45","author":"Rossney","year":"2007"},{"key":"b19","series-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"337","article-title":"Microbiological and clinical features of patients with cellulitis in tropical Australia: Disease severity assessment and implications for clinical management","volume":"112","author":"Townend","year":"2025"},{"key":"b20","series-title":"Toxins (Basel)","first-page":"662","article-title":"Clinical features and management of snakebite envenoming in French Guiana","volume":"12","author":"Resiere","year":"2020"},{"key":"b21","series-title":"Toxins (Basel)","first-page":"37","article-title":"Use of antibiotics following snakebite in the era of antimicrobial stewardship","volume":"16","author":"Brenes-Chacon","year":"2024"},{"key":"b22","series-title":"Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo","first-page":"6","article-title":"[Bacterial flora of the oral cavity, fangs and venom of Bothrops jararaca: possible source of infection at the site of bite]","volume":"32","author":"Jorge","year":"1990"},{"key":"b1","series-title":"Ann Emerg Med","first-page":"44","article-title":"Managing a cutaneous abscess in the emergency department","volume":"78","author":"Schmitz","year":"2021"},{"key":"b2","series-title":"Int J Antimicrob Agents","first-page":"16","article-title":"Panton\u2013Valentine leukocidin-positive Staphylococcus aureus: A position statement from the International Society of Chemotherapy","volume":"51","author":"Saeed","year":"2018"},{"key":"b3","series-title":"Clin Infect Dis","first-page":"464","article-title":"Ampicillin\/sulbactam and cefoxitin in the treatment of cutaneous and other soft-tissue abscesses in patients with or without histories of injection drug abuse","volume":"31","author":"Talan","year":"2000"},{"key":"b4","series-title":"Clin Infect Dis","first-page":"S193","article-title":"Current epidemiology, etiology, and burden of acute skin infections in the United States","volume":"68","author":"Kaye","year":"2019"},{"key":"b5","series-title":"J Emerg Med","first-page":"e397","article-title":"Acute bacterial skin infections: Developments since the 2005 Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA) guidelines","volume":"44","author":"Moran","year":"2013"},{"key":"b6","series-title":"Emerg Infect Dis","first-page":"488","article-title":"Methicillin-susceptible, doxycycline-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, C\u00f4te d\u2019Ivoire","volume":"13","author":"Lesens","year":"2007"},{"key":"b7","series-title":"Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis","first-page":"1757","article-title":"First outbreak of community-acquired MRSA USA300 in France: Failure to suppress prolonged MRSA carriage despite decontamination procedures","volume":"33","author":"Baud","year":"2014"},{"key":"b8","series-title":"N Engl J Med","first-page":"823","article-title":"Trimethoprim\u2013sulfamethoxazole versus placebo for uncomplicated skin abscess","volume":"374","author":"Talan","year":"2016"},{"key":"b9","series-title":"N Engl J Med","first-page":"2545","article-title":"A placebo-controlled trial of antibiotics for smaller skin abscesses","volume":"376","author":"Daum","year":"2017"},{"key":"b10","article-title":"Prise en Charge des Infections Cutan\u00e9es Bact\u00e9riennes Courantes.","year":"2019"},{"key":"b11","series-title":"J Emerg Med","first-page":"512","article-title":"Effectiveness of outpatient antibiotics after surgical drainage of abscesses in reducing treatment failure","volume":"55","author":"Pulia","year":"2018"},{"key":"b12","series-title":"Ann Emerg Med","first-page":"15","article-title":"Treatment of cutaneous abscess: A double-blind clinical study","volume":"14","author":"Llera","year":"1985"},{"key":"b13","series-title":"Int J Dermatol","first-page":"1137","article-title":"Spectrum of skin diseases in Maroon villages of the Maroni area, French Guiana","volume":"61","author":"Valentin","year":"2022"},{"key":"b14","series-title":"J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol","first-page":"e414","article-title":"Skin and soft\u2010tissue infections associated with Aeromonas species in French Guiana: An 11\u2010year retrospective study","volume":"34","author":"Devos","year":"2020"},{"key":"b15","series-title":"Am J Med Sci","first-page":"269","article-title":"Skin, soft tissue and systemic bacterial infections following aquatic injuries and exposures","volume":"349","author":"Diaz","year":"2015"},{"key":"b16","series-title":"Int J Dermatol","first-page":"599","article-title":"Spectrum of skin diseases in Amerindian villages of the Upper Oyapock, French Guiana","volume":"59","author":"Malmontet","year":"2020"},{"key":"b17","series-title":"Acta Derm Venereol","first-page":"adv00113","article-title":"Skin disease in the tropics and the lessons that can be learned from leprosy and other neglected diseases","volume":"100","author":"Hay","year":"2020"},{"key":"b18","series-title":"J Clin Microbiol","first-page":"2554","article-title":"The emergence and importation of diverse genotypes of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) harboring the Panton-Valentine leukocidin gene (pvl) reveal that pvl is a poor marker for community-acquired MRSA strains in Ireland","volume":"45","author":"Rossney","year":"2007"},{"key":"b19","series-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"337","article-title":"Microbiological and clinical features of patients with cellulitis in tropical Australia: Disease severity assessment and implications for clinical management","volume":"112","author":"Townend","year":"2025"},{"key":"b20","series-title":"Toxins (Basel)","first-page":"662","article-title":"Clinical features and management of snakebite envenoming in French Guiana","volume":"12","author":"Resiere","year":"2020"},{"key":"b21","series-title":"Toxins (Basel)","first-page":"37","article-title":"Use of antibiotics following snakebite in the era of antimicrobial stewardship","volume":"16","author":"Brenes-Chacon","year":"2024"},{"key":"b22","series-title":"Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo","first-page":"6","article-title":"[Bacterial flora of the oral cavity, fangs and venom of Bothrops 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