{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,5]],"date-time":"2026-03-05T20:01:14Z","timestamp":1772740874038,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT.<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) is a public health issue in low- and middle-income countries. Identification of subclinical carotid atherosclerosis (SCA) might contribute to the prevention of life-threating cardiovascular events. This study aimed to describe SCA prevalence in adults from the southern Caribbean. A cross-sectional analysis was conducted with 653 adults ages 18\u201380 years old. Participants provided sociodemographic and medical history, including cardiometabolic and respiratory health data, and underwent fasting blood tests and ultrasound imaging to assess carotid atherosclerosis. The prevalence of SCA was 29.5%. Subjects with SCA were 15.6 years older (\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    &lt;0.001), had less education (\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    &lt;0.001), and had lower socioeconomic levels (\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    &lt;0.001) than those without SCA. Smoking was more frequent among subjects with SCA compared with non-SCA adults. Age (odds ratio [OR]: 1.01,\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    &lt;0.0001), weight (OR: 1.002,\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 0.02), and income (OR: 0.99,\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 0.005) were associated with SCA prevalence. Current smoking was associated with higher frequency of atherosclerotic plaque (OR: 1.05,\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 0.042). In conclusion, SCA was highly prevalent among adults from the southern Caribbean. These findings might contribute to identifying vulnerable groups to CVD living in low- and middle-income settings.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.25-0017","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,23]],"date-time":"2025-12-23T18:22:40Z","timestamp":1766514160000},"page":"561-567","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Prevalence of Subclinical Carotid Atherosclerosis in Adults from the Colombian Caribbean Coast: Results from the Cartagena Cohort Study"],"prefix":"10.4269","volume":"114","author":[{"given":"Diana","family":"Mena-Yi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Research and Development in Public Health, Research Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Cartagena, Cartagena de Indias, Colombia;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mar\u00eda S.","family":"Ruiz-D\u00edaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Research and Development in Public Health, Research Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Cartagena, Cartagena de Indias, Colombia;"},{"name":"Center for Innovation and Research on Metabolism and Diabetes\u2014INNOVATID, Cartagena de Indias, Colombia;"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Corporaci\u00f3n Universitaria Rafael N\u00fa\u00f1ez, Cartagena, Colombia;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Eduer","family":"P\u00e9rez-Castilla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Research and Development in Public Health, Research Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Cartagena, Cartagena de Indias, Colombia;"},{"name":"Faculty of Sciences, University of Cartagena, Cartagena de Indias, Colombia;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sara","family":"Mestra-Meri\u00f1o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Research and Development in Public Health, Research Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Cartagena, Cartagena de Indias, Colombia;"},{"name":"Faculty of Sciences, University of Cartagena, Cartagena de Indias, Colombia;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Luisa","family":"Jim\u00e9nez-Rodr\u00edguez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Research and Development in Public Health, Research Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Cartagena, Cartagena de Indias, Colombia;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alejandra","family":"Puerto-Lopez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Immunological Research, Universidad de Cartagena, Cartagena de Indias, Colombia;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Josefina","family":"Zakzuk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Immunological Research, Universidad de Cartagena, Cartagena de Indias, Colombia;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Edgar","family":"Vergara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences Group, Faculty of Health Science, University of Sucre, Sincelejo, Colombia;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nerlis","family":"P\u00e1jaro-Castro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences Group, Faculty of Health Science, University of Sucre, Sincelejo, Colombia;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Federico","family":"Prada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidad Argentina de la Empresa (UADE), Instituto de Tecnolog\u00eda (INTEC), Buenos Aires, Argentina;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rodrigo","family":"Villegas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health, University of Chile, Independencia Santiago, Chile;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Vanessa","family":"Garc\u00eda-Larsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland;"},{"name":"Department of Noncommunicable Diseases and Mental Health, Pan-American Health Organization (PAHO)\/World Health Organization (WHO), Washington District of Columbia;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Elmer","family":"Fern\u00e1ndez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ScireLab, Fundaci\u00f3n para el Progreso de la Medicina, C\u00f3rdoba, Argentina;"},{"name":"Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cient\u00edficas y T\u00e9cnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina;"},{"name":"Instituto de Tecnolog\u00eda (INTEC), Universidad Argentina de la Empresa (UADE), Buenos Aires, Argentina;"},{"name":"Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, F\u00edsicas y Naturales (FCEFyN), Universidad Nacional de C\u00f3rdoba (UNC), C\u00f3rdoba, Argentina"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fernando","family":"Manzur-Jattin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Research and Development in Public Health, Research Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Cartagena, Cartagena de Indias, Colombia;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gustavo","family":"Mora-Garc\u00eda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Research and Development in Public Health, Research Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Cartagena, Cartagena de Indias, Colombia;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"2795","reference":[{"key":"b1","series-title":"Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol","first-page":"1512","article-title":"A definition of advanced types of atherosclerotic lesions and a histological classification of atherosclerosis: A report from the Committee on Vascular Lesions of the Council on Arteriosclerosis, American Heart Association","volume":"15","author":"Stary","year":"1995"},{"key":"b2","series-title":"Circulation","first-page":"743","article-title":"General cardiovascular risk profile for use in primary care: The Framingham Heart Study","volume":"117","author":"D\u2019Agostino","year":"2008"},{"key":"b3","series-title":"JAMA","first-page":"512","article-title":"The Framingham Study: The epidemiology of atherosclerotic disease","volume":"245","author":"Levy","year":"1981"},{"key":"b4","series-title":"Lancet","first-page":"999","article-title":"The Framingham Heart Study and the epidemiology of cardiovascular disease: A historical perspective","volume":"383","author":"Mahmood","year":"2014"},{"key":"b5","series-title":"Clin Cornerstone","first-page":"11","article-title":"Cardiovascular disease and modifiable cardiometabolic risk factors","volume":"8","author":"Cannon","year":"2007"},{"key":"b6","series-title":"Lancet","first-page":"937","article-title":"Effect of potentially modifiable risk factors associated with myocardial infarction in 52 countries (the INTERHEART study): Case-control study","volume":"364","author":"Yusuf","year":"2004"},{"key":"b7","series-title":"Clin Cardiol","first-page":"1613","article-title":"Prevalence of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease and subsequent major adverse cardiovascular events in Alberta, Canada: A real-world evidence study","volume":"44","author":"Chen","year":"2021"},{"key":"b8","series-title":"Lancet Glob Health","first-page":"e625","article-title":"Cardiovascular risk of carotid atherosclerosis: Global consensus beyond societal guidelines","volume":"8","author":"Joh","year":"2020"},{"key":"b9","series-title":"JACC Adv","first-page":"100886","article-title":"Canadian cost-effectiveness of coronary artery calcium screening based on the multi-ethnic study of atherosclerosis","volume":"3","author":"Qureshi","year":"2024"},{"key":"b10","series-title":"Curr Cardiol Rep","first-page":"61","article-title":"The use of subclinical atherosclerosis imaging to guide preventive cardiology management","volume":"23","author":"Soni","year":"2021"},{"key":"b11","series-title":"Lancet Glob Health","first-page":"e721","article-title":"Global and regional prevalence, burden, and risk factors for carotid atherosclerosis: A systematic review, meta-analysis, and modelling study","volume":"8","author":"Song","year":"2020"},{"key":"b12","series-title":"Lancet","first-page":"795","article-title":"Modifiable risk factors, cardiovascular disease, and mortality in 155\u2008722 individuals from 21 high-income, middle-income, and low-income countries (PURE): A prospective cohort study","volume":"395","author":"Yusuf","year":"2020"},{"key":"b13","series-title":"Lancet","first-page":"S89","article-title":"Epidemiological transition in the Americas: Changes and inequalities","volume":"381","author":"Marinho","year":"2013"},{"key":"b14","series-title":"Revista Colombiana de Cardiolog\u00eda","first-page":"97","article-title":"Caracterizaci\u00f3n fenot\u00edpica y metab\u00f3lica del s\u00edndrome metab\u00f3lico en Cartagena de Indias","volume":"15","author":"Byme","year":"2008"},{"key":"b15","series-title":"Cell","first-page":"789","article-title":"Human genetics shape the gut microbiome","volume":"159","author":"Goodrich","year":"2014"},{"key":"b16","series-title":"Atherosclerosis","first-page":"367","article-title":"Impaired lung function and subclinical atherosclerosis: The ARIC Study","volume":"180","author":"Schroeder","year":"2005"},{"key":"b17","series-title":"Atherosclerosis","first-page":"469","article-title":"The association of pulmonary function with carotid atherosclerosis in older Chinese: Guangzhou Biobank Cohort Study-CVD Subcohort","volume":"243","author":"Pan","year":"2015"},{"key":"b18","series-title":"PLoS One","first-page":"e0197582","article-title":"Predictors of subclinical carotid atherosclerosis in middle-aged women","volume":"13","author":"De Barros","year":"2018"},{"key":"b19","series-title":"Int J Cardiovasc Imaging","first-page":"1521","article-title":"Association between cardiovascular disease risk scores and subclinical atherosclerosis prevalence in non-elderly adult patients from Argentina","volume":"33","author":"Albertini","year":"2017"},{"key":"b20","series-title":"Arch Med Res","first-page":"73","article-title":"Association of adiponectin with subclinical atherosclerosis in a Mexican-Mestizo population","volume":"48","author":"Ju\u00e1rez-Rojas","year":"2017"},{"key":"b21","series-title":"Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis","first-page":"1747","article-title":"Dairy consumption and subclinical atherosclerosis: A cross-sectional study among middle-aged Mexican women","volume":"31","author":"Cort\u00e9s-Valencia","year":"2021"},{"key":"b22","series-title":"Int J Cardiovasc Imaging","first-page":"557","article-title":"Carotid artery intima media thickness, plaque and framingham cardiovascular score in Asia, Africa\/Middle East and Latin America: The PARC-AALA study","volume":"23","author":"Touboul","year":"2007"},{"key":"b23","series-title":"Atherosclerosis","first-page":"95","article-title":"An international matched cohort study of the contribution of metabolic impairments to subclinical atherosclerosis in United Kingdom and Jamaican African\u2013Caribbeans","volume":"199","author":"Kalra","year":"2008"},{"key":"b24","series-title":"Am J Epidemiol","first-page":"962","article-title":"Prevalence of and risk factors for subclinical cardiovascular disease in selected US Hispanic ethnic groups","volume":"167","author":"Allison","year":"2008"},{"key":"b25","series-title":"Front Cardiovasc Med","first-page":"1002820","article-title":"Carotid atherosclerosis in people of European, South Asian and African Caribbean ethnicity in the Southall and Brent revisited study (SABRE)","volume":"9","author":"Anbar","year":"2023"},{"key":"b26","series-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol","first-page":"1391","article-title":"Influence of subclinical atherosclerosis burden and progression on mortality","volume":"84","author":"Fuster","year":"2024"},{"key":"b27","series-title":"Am J Cardiol","first-page":"825","article-title":"Relation of Framingham risk score to subclinical atherosclerosis evaluated across three arterial sites","volume":"102","author":"Karim","year":"2008"},{"key":"b28","series-title":"Atherosclerosis","first-page":"201","article-title":"Framingham risk equation underestimates subclinical atherosclerosis risk in asymptomatic women","volume":"184","author":"Michos","year":"2006"},{"key":"b29","series-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol","first-page":"98","article-title":"Screening asymptomatic subjects for subclinical atherosclerosis: Can we, does it matter, and should we?","volume":"56","author":"Shah","year":"2010"},{"key":"b30","series-title":"Signal Transduct Target Ther","first-page":"131","article-title":"Inflammation and atherosclerosis: Signaling pathways and therapeutic intervention","volume":"7","author":"Kong","year":"2022"},{"key":"b31","series-title":"Angiology","first-page":"443","article-title":"Association between carotid atherosclerosis and metabolic syndrome: Results from the ISMIR study","volume":"61","author":"Antonini-Canterin","year":"2010"},{"key":"b32","series-title":"Nat Med","first-page":"2248","article-title":"Factors associated with healthy aging in Latin American populations","volume":"29","author":"Santamaria-Garcia","year":"2023"},{"key":"b1","series-title":"Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol","first-page":"1512","article-title":"A definition of advanced types of atherosclerotic lesions and a histological classification of atherosclerosis: A report from the Committee on Vascular Lesions of the Council on Arteriosclerosis, American Heart Association","volume":"15","author":"Stary","year":"1995"},{"key":"b2","series-title":"Circulation","first-page":"743","article-title":"General cardiovascular risk profile for use in primary care: The Framingham Heart Study","volume":"117","author":"D\u2019Agostino","year":"2008"},{"key":"b3","series-title":"JAMA","first-page":"512","article-title":"The Framingham Study: The epidemiology of atherosclerotic disease","volume":"245","author":"Levy","year":"1981"},{"key":"b4","series-title":"Lancet","first-page":"999","article-title":"The Framingham Heart Study and the epidemiology of cardiovascular disease: A historical perspective","volume":"383","author":"Mahmood","year":"2014"},{"key":"b5","series-title":"Clin Cornerstone","first-page":"11","article-title":"Cardiovascular disease and modifiable cardiometabolic risk factors","volume":"8","author":"Cannon","year":"2007"},{"key":"b6","series-title":"Lancet","first-page":"937","article-title":"Effect of potentially modifiable risk factors associated with myocardial infarction in 52 countries (the INTERHEART study): Case-control study","volume":"364","author":"Yusuf","year":"2004"},{"key":"b7","series-title":"Clin Cardiol","first-page":"1613","article-title":"Prevalence of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease and subsequent major adverse cardiovascular events in Alberta, Canada: A real-world evidence study","volume":"44","author":"Chen","year":"2021"},{"key":"b8","series-title":"Lancet Glob Health","first-page":"e625","article-title":"Cardiovascular risk of carotid atherosclerosis: Global consensus beyond societal guidelines","volume":"8","author":"Joh","year":"2020"},{"key":"b9","series-title":"JACC Adv","first-page":"100886","article-title":"Canadian cost-effectiveness of coronary artery calcium screening based on the multi-ethnic study of atherosclerosis","volume":"3","author":"Qureshi","year":"2024"},{"key":"b10","series-title":"Curr Cardiol Rep","first-page":"61","article-title":"The use of subclinical atherosclerosis imaging to guide preventive cardiology management","volume":"23","author":"Soni","year":"2021"},{"key":"b11","series-title":"Lancet Glob Health","first-page":"e721","article-title":"Global and regional prevalence, burden, and risk factors for carotid atherosclerosis: A systematic review, meta-analysis, and modelling study","volume":"8","author":"Song","year":"2020"},{"key":"b12","series-title":"Lancet","first-page":"795","article-title":"Modifiable risk factors, cardiovascular disease, and mortality in 155\u2008722 individuals from 21 high-income, middle-income, and low-income countries (PURE): A prospective cohort study","volume":"395","author":"Yusuf","year":"2020"},{"key":"b13","series-title":"Lancet","first-page":"S89","article-title":"Epidemiological transition in the Americas: Changes and inequalities","volume":"381","author":"Marinho","year":"2013"},{"key":"b14","series-title":"Revista Colombiana de Cardiolog\u00eda","first-page":"97","article-title":"Caracterizaci\u00f3n fenot\u00edpica y metab\u00f3lica del s\u00edndrome metab\u00f3lico en Cartagena de Indias","volume":"15","author":"Byme","year":"2008"},{"key":"b15","series-title":"Cell","first-page":"789","article-title":"Human genetics shape the gut microbiome","volume":"159","author":"Goodrich","year":"2014"},{"key":"b16","series-title":"Atherosclerosis","first-page":"367","article-title":"Impaired lung function and subclinical atherosclerosis: The ARIC Study","volume":"180","author":"Schroeder","year":"2005"},{"key":"b17","series-title":"Atherosclerosis","first-page":"469","article-title":"The association of pulmonary function with carotid atherosclerosis in older Chinese: Guangzhou Biobank Cohort Study-CVD Subcohort","volume":"243","author":"Pan","year":"2015"},{"key":"b18","series-title":"PLoS One","first-page":"e0197582","article-title":"Predictors of subclinical carotid atherosclerosis in middle-aged women","volume":"13","author":"De Barros","year":"2018"},{"key":"b19","series-title":"Int J Cardiovasc Imaging","first-page":"1521","article-title":"Association between cardiovascular disease risk scores and subclinical atherosclerosis prevalence in non-elderly adult patients from Argentina","volume":"33","author":"Albertini","year":"2017"},{"key":"b20","series-title":"Arch Med Res","first-page":"73","article-title":"Association of adiponectin with subclinical atherosclerosis in a Mexican-Mestizo population","volume":"48","author":"Ju\u00e1rez-Rojas","year":"2017"},{"key":"b21","series-title":"Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis","first-page":"1747","article-title":"Dairy consumption and subclinical atherosclerosis: A cross-sectional study among middle-aged Mexican women","volume":"31","author":"Cort\u00e9s-Valencia","year":"2021"},{"key":"b22","series-title":"Int J Cardiovasc Imaging","first-page":"557","article-title":"Carotid artery intima media thickness, plaque and framingham cardiovascular score in Asia, Africa\/Middle East and Latin America: The PARC-AALA study","volume":"23","author":"Touboul","year":"2007"},{"key":"b23","series-title":"Atherosclerosis","first-page":"95","article-title":"An international matched cohort study of the contribution of metabolic impairments to subclinical atherosclerosis in United Kingdom and Jamaican African\u2013Caribbeans","volume":"199","author":"Kalra","year":"2008"},{"key":"b24","series-title":"Am J Epidemiol","first-page":"962","article-title":"Prevalence of and risk factors for subclinical cardiovascular disease in selected US Hispanic ethnic groups","volume":"167","author":"Allison","year":"2008"},{"key":"b25","series-title":"Front Cardiovasc Med","first-page":"1002820","article-title":"Carotid atherosclerosis in people of European, South Asian and African Caribbean ethnicity in the Southall and Brent revisited study (SABRE)","volume":"9","author":"Anbar","year":"2023"},{"key":"b26","series-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol","first-page":"1391","article-title":"Influence of subclinical atherosclerosis burden and progression on mortality","volume":"84","author":"Fuster","year":"2024"},{"key":"b27","series-title":"Am J Cardiol","first-page":"825","article-title":"Relation of Framingham risk score to subclinical atherosclerosis evaluated across three arterial sites","volume":"102","author":"Karim","year":"2008"},{"key":"b28","series-title":"Atherosclerosis","first-page":"201","article-title":"Framingham risk equation underestimates subclinical atherosclerosis risk in asymptomatic women","volume":"184","author":"Michos","year":"2006"},{"key":"b29","series-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol","first-page":"98","article-title":"Screening asymptomatic subjects for subclinical atherosclerosis: Can we, does it matter, and should we?","volume":"56","author":"Shah","year":"2010"},{"key":"b30","series-title":"Signal Transduct Target Ther","first-page":"131","article-title":"Inflammation and atherosclerosis: Signaling pathways and therapeutic intervention","volume":"7","author":"Kong","year":"2022"},{"key":"b31","series-title":"Angiology","first-page":"443","article-title":"Association between carotid atherosclerosis and metabolic syndrome: Results from the ISMIR study","volume":"61","author":"Antonini-Canterin","year":"2010"},{"key":"b32","series-title":"Nat Med","first-page":"2248","article-title":"Factors associated with healthy aging in Latin American populations","volume":"29","author":"Santamaria-Garcia","year":"2023"}],"container-title":["The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/view\/journals\/tpmd\/114\/3\/article-p561.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/tpmd\/114\/3\/article-p561.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/tpmd\/114\/3\/article-p561.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,5]],"date-time":"2026-03-05T19:11:57Z","timestamp":1772737917000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/view\/journals\/tpmd\/114\/3\/article-p561.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,4]]},"references-count":64,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4269\/ajtmh.25-0017","relation":{},"ISSN":["0002-9637","1476-1645"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0002-9637","type":"print"},{"value":"1476-1645","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,4]]}}}