{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,10]],"date-time":"2026-04-10T18:05:46Z","timestamp":1775844346183,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,4]],"date-time":"2026-02-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770163200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT.<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) and\n                    <jats:italic>Schistosoma mansoni<\/jats:italic>\n                    are common in Africa, and helminth-induced immunomodulation may affect LTBI detection. This study aimed to assess whether\n                    <jats:italic>S. mansoni<\/jats:italic>\n                    infection affects LTBI detection by the QuantiFERON-TB Gold Plus (QFT-Plus) assay and alters serum interferon-\u03b3 (IFN-\u03b3) concentrations in response to\n                    <jats:italic>Mycobacterium tuberculosis<\/jats:italic>\n                    (\n                    <jats:italic>Mtb<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) antigens at baseline and after 1 year, during which participants with\n                    <jats:italic>S. mansoni<\/jats:italic>\n                    infection received praziquantel treatment. At baseline, 65 individuals with schistosome infection had lower average IFN-\u03b3 concentrations in TB1-stimulated QFT-Plus supernatants compared with 83 uninfected individuals (10.4 versus 51.9 pg\/mL,\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 0.038). Although not statistically significant, QFT-Plus test positivity rate was unexpectedly slightly higher among adults with schistosome infection at baseline (26.2% versus 18.1%,\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 0.24). The incidence over 12 months was higher posttreatment in participants initially infected with\n                    <jats:italic>S. mansoni<\/jats:italic>\n                    compared with those uninfected (13.9% [\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 5\/36] versus 4.2% [\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 2\/48],\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 0.13). By 12 months, IFN-\u03b3 concentrations were comparable between the two groups (53.8 versus 33.5 pg\/mL, respectively,\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 0.56). Individuals who cleared\n                    <jats:italic>S. mansoni<\/jats:italic>\n                    infection experienced a nearly 12-fold increase in IFN-\u03b3 levels relative to those who remained uninfected, although this difference did not reach statistical significance (\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 0.17). In conclusion, baseline\n                    <jats:italic>S. mansoni<\/jats:italic>\n                    infection was associated with suppressed IFN-\u03b3 responses to\n                    <jats:italic>Mtb<\/jats:italic>\n                    antigens, suggesting helminth-induced immune dampening. Praziquantel treatment may partially restore TB-specific immune responses and facilitate LTBI detection. These findings highlight the potential role of\n                    <jats:italic>S. mansoni<\/jats:italic>\n                    as a critical cofactor affecting LTBI diagnosis in schistosomiasis-endemic regions.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.25-0021","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,25]],"date-time":"2025-11-25T14:45:32Z","timestamp":1764081932000},"page":"247-252","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Associations of Schistosoma mansoni Infection, Latent Tuberculosis, Host Interferon-\u03b3 Concentrations, and Praziquantel Treatment in Tanzanian Adults"],"prefix":"10.4269","volume":"114","author":[{"given":"Khanh","family":"Pham","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York;"},{"name":"Center for Global Health, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Enock","family":"Miyaye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Global Health, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York;"},{"name":"Department of Urology, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maureen","family":"Ward","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Global Health, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Crispin","family":"Mukerebe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mwanza Research Centre, National Institute for Medical Research, Mwanza, Tanzania;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nsia","family":"Ulomi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mwanza Research Centre, National Institute for Medical Research, Mwanza, Tanzania;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shigella","family":"Moshi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mwanza Research Centre, National Institute for Medical Research, Mwanza, Tanzania;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Loyce","family":"Mhango","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mwanza Research Centre, National Institute for Medical Research, Mwanza, Tanzania;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Lutonja","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mwanza Research Centre, National Institute for Medical Research, Mwanza, Tanzania;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Danielle","family":"de Jong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cell and Chemical Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Govert","family":"van Dam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Paul L. A. M.","family":"Corstjens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cell and Chemical Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Daniel W.","family":"Fitzgerald","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Global Health, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Robert N.","family":"Peck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Global Health, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York;"},{"name":"Mwanza Intervention Trials Unit, National Institute for Medical Research, Mwanza, Tanzania;"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, Weill Bugando School of Medicine, Mwanza, Tanzania;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jennifer A.","family":"Downs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Global Health, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York;"},{"name":"Mwanza Intervention Trials Unit, National Institute for Medical Research, Mwanza, Tanzania;"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, Weill Bugando School of Medicine, Mwanza, Tanzania;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hyasinta","family":"Jaka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Catholic University of Health and Allied Sciences-Bugando, Mwanza, Tanzania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"2795","reference":[{"key":"b1","series-title":"PLoS One","first-page":"e64008","article-title":"The prevalence of latent Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection based on an interferon-\u03b3 release assay: A cross-sectional survey among urban adults in Mwanza, Tanzania","volume":"8","author":"Jensen","year":"2013"},{"key":"b2","series-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis","first-page":"e0005968","article-title":"Effects of schistosomiasis on susceptibility to HIV-1 infection and HIV-1 viral load at HIV-1 seroconversion: A nested case-control study","volume":"11","author":"Downs","year":"2017"},{"key":"b3","series-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"856","article-title":"Schistosomiasis and human immunodeficiency virus in men in Tanzania","volume":"96","author":"Downs","year":"2017"},{"key":"b4","series-title":"Trop Med Int Health","first-page":"204","article-title":"The burden of HIV, syphilis and schistosome infection and associated factors among adults in the fishing communities in northwestern Tanzania","volume":"26","author":"Kapiga","year":"2021"},{"key":"b5","article-title":"Global Tuberculosis Report 2024.","year":"2024"},{"key":"b6","article-title":"Latent Tuberculosis Infection: Updated and Consolidated Guidelines for Programmatic Management.","year":"2018"},{"key":"b7","article-title":"Use of Tuberculosis Interferon-Gamma Release Assays (IGRAs) in Low- and Middle-Income Countries: Policy Statement.","year":"2011"},{"key":"b8","series-title":"Lancet Infect Dis","first-page":"1077","article-title":"Prognostic value of interferon-\u03b3 release assays and tuberculin skin test in predicting the development of active tuberculosis (UK PREDICT TB): A prospective cohort study","volume":"18","author":"Abubakar","year":"2018"},{"key":"b9","series-title":"Front Pediatr","first-page":"350","article-title":"Immune response to Mycobacterium tuberculosis: A narrative review","volume":"7","author":"de Martino","year":"2019"},{"key":"b10","series-title":"Front Immunol","first-page":"2492","article-title":"Schistosoma \u201ceggs-iting\u201d the host: Granuloma formation and egg excretion","volume":"9","author":"Schwartz","year":"2018"},{"key":"b11","series-title":"J Immunol","first-page":"124","article-title":"Schistosomiasis induces persistent DNA methylation and tuberculosis-specific immune changes","volume":"201","author":"DiNardo","year":"2018"},{"key":"b12","series-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med","first-page":"1421","article-title":"Quantitative IFN-\u03b3 and IL-2 response associated with latent tuberculosis test discordance in HIV-infected pregnant women","volume":"193","author":"Mathad","year":"2016"},{"key":"b13","series-title":"Acta Trop","first-page":"106752","article-title":"Effects of Schistosoma mansoni and praziquantel treatment on the lower gastrointestinal mucosa: A cohort study in Tanzania","volume":"238","author":"Pham","year":"2023"},{"key":"b14","series-title":"Front Immunol","first-page":"127","article-title":"CD4 T cells in Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Schistosoma mansoni co-infected individuals maintain functional TH1 responses","volume":"11","author":"McLaughlin","year":"2020"},{"key":"b15","series-title":"Parasitology","first-page":"1841","article-title":"Tools for diagnosis, monitoring and screening of Schistosoma infections utilizing lateral-flow based assays and upconverting phosphor labels","volume":"141","author":"Corstjens","year":"2014"},{"key":"b16","article-title":"Standard Treatment Guidelines and National Essential Medicines List for Tanzania Mainland.","year":"2021"},{"key":"b17","series-title":"Acta Trop","first-page":"205","article-title":"Variations in helminth faecal egg counts in Kato\u2013Katz thick smears and their implications in assessing infection status with Schistosoma mansoni.","volume":"92","author":"Berhe","year":"2004"},{"key":"b18","series-title":"J Biomed Inform","first-page":"377","article-title":"Research electronic data capture (REDCap)\u2014A metadata-driven methodology and workflow process for providing translational research informatics support","volume":"42","author":"Harris","year":"2009"},{"key":"b19","article-title":"High Schistosoma mansoni Co-Infection in Tuberculosis Patients with or without Human Immunodeficiency Virus: A Prospective Cohort Study.","author":"Baya","year":"2024"},{"key":"b20","series-title":"J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr","first-page":"157","article-title":"Schistosoma mansoni infection is associated with a higher probability of tuberculosis disease in HIV-infected adults in Kenya","volume":"86","author":"McLaughlin","year":"2021"},{"key":"b21","series-title":"Parasitol Res","first-page":"1547","article-title":"Inflammatory cytokines IFN-\u03b3, IL-4, IL-13 and TNF-\u03b1 alterations in schistosomiasis: A meta-analysis","volume":"110","author":"Yu","year":"2012"},{"key":"b1","series-title":"PLoS One","first-page":"e64008","article-title":"The prevalence of latent Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection based on an interferon-\u03b3 release assay: A cross-sectional survey among urban adults in Mwanza, Tanzania","volume":"8","author":"Jensen","year":"2013"},{"key":"b2","series-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis","first-page":"e0005968","article-title":"Effects of schistosomiasis on susceptibility to HIV-1 infection and HIV-1 viral load at HIV-1 seroconversion: A nested case-control study","volume":"11","author":"Downs","year":"2017"},{"key":"b3","series-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"856","article-title":"Schistosomiasis and human immunodeficiency virus in men in Tanzania","volume":"96","author":"Downs","year":"2017"},{"key":"b4","series-title":"Trop Med Int Health","first-page":"204","article-title":"The burden of HIV, syphilis and schistosome infection and associated factors among adults in the fishing communities in northwestern Tanzania","volume":"26","author":"Kapiga","year":"2021"},{"key":"b5","article-title":"Global Tuberculosis Report 2024.","year":"2024"},{"key":"b6","article-title":"Latent Tuberculosis Infection: Updated and Consolidated Guidelines for Programmatic Management.","year":"2018"},{"key":"b7","article-title":"Use of Tuberculosis Interferon-Gamma Release Assays (IGRAs) in Low- and Middle-Income Countries: Policy Statement.","year":"2011"},{"key":"b8","series-title":"Lancet Infect Dis","first-page":"1077","article-title":"Prognostic value of interferon-\u03b3 release assays and tuberculin skin test in predicting the development of active tuberculosis (UK PREDICT TB): A prospective cohort study","volume":"18","author":"Abubakar","year":"2018"},{"key":"b9","series-title":"Front Pediatr","first-page":"350","article-title":"Immune response to Mycobacterium tuberculosis: A narrative review","volume":"7","author":"de Martino","year":"2019"},{"key":"b10","series-title":"Front Immunol","first-page":"2492","article-title":"Schistosoma \u201ceggs-iting\u201d the host: Granuloma formation and egg excretion","volume":"9","author":"Schwartz","year":"2018"},{"key":"b11","series-title":"J Immunol","first-page":"124","article-title":"Schistosomiasis induces persistent DNA methylation and tuberculosis-specific immune changes","volume":"201","author":"DiNardo","year":"2018"},{"key":"b12","series-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med","first-page":"1421","article-title":"Quantitative IFN-\u03b3 and IL-2 response associated with latent tuberculosis test discordance in HIV-infected pregnant women","volume":"193","author":"Mathad","year":"2016"},{"key":"b13","series-title":"Acta Trop","first-page":"106752","article-title":"Effects of Schistosoma mansoni and praziquantel treatment on the lower gastrointestinal mucosa: A cohort study in Tanzania","volume":"238","author":"Pham","year":"2023"},{"key":"b14","series-title":"Front Immunol","first-page":"127","article-title":"CD4 T cells in Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Schistosoma mansoni co-infected individuals maintain functional TH1 responses","volume":"11","author":"McLaughlin","year":"2020"},{"key":"b15","series-title":"Parasitology","first-page":"1841","article-title":"Tools for diagnosis, monitoring and screening of Schistosoma infections utilizing lateral-flow based assays and upconverting phosphor labels","volume":"141","author":"Corstjens","year":"2014"},{"key":"b16","article-title":"Standard Treatment Guidelines and National Essential Medicines List for Tanzania Mainland.","year":"2021"},{"key":"b17","series-title":"Acta Trop","first-page":"205","article-title":"Variations in helminth faecal egg counts in Kato\u2013Katz thick smears and their implications in assessing infection status with Schistosoma mansoni.","volume":"92","author":"Berhe","year":"2004"},{"key":"b18","series-title":"J Biomed Inform","first-page":"377","article-title":"Research electronic data capture (REDCap)\u2014A metadata-driven methodology and workflow process for providing translational research informatics support","volume":"42","author":"Harris","year":"2009"},{"key":"b19","article-title":"High Schistosoma mansoni Co-Infection in Tuberculosis Patients with or without Human Immunodeficiency Virus: A Prospective Cohort Study.","author":"Baya","year":"2024"},{"key":"b20","series-title":"J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr","first-page":"157","article-title":"Schistosoma mansoni infection is associated with a higher probability of tuberculosis disease in HIV-infected adults in Kenya","volume":"86","author":"McLaughlin","year":"2021"},{"key":"b21","series-title":"Parasitol Res","first-page":"1547","article-title":"Inflammatory cytokines IFN-\u03b3, IL-4, IL-13 and TNF-\u03b1 alterations in schistosomiasis: A meta-analysis","volume":"110","author":"Yu","year":"2012"}],"container-title":["The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/view\/journals\/tpmd\/114\/2\/article-p247.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/tpmd\/114\/2\/article-p247.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/tpmd\/114\/2\/article-p247.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,10]],"date-time":"2026-04-10T17:19:37Z","timestamp":1775841577000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/view\/journals\/tpmd\/114\/2\/article-p247.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,4]]},"references-count":42,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4269\/ajtmh.25-0021","relation":{},"ISSN":["0002-9637","1476-1645"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0002-9637","type":"print"},{"value":"1476-1645","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,4]]}}}