{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,15]],"date-time":"2026-05-15T14:49:49Z","timestamp":1778856589546,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":80,"publisher":"American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT.<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Leishmaniasis is a neglected tropical disease that primarily occurs in developing countries. This disease is caused by more than 20 species of the genus\n                    <jats:italic>Leishmania<\/jats:italic>\n                    . To face this problem, Brazil\u2019s health authorities establish control of the canine reservoir through serological surveys and sacrifice of seropositive dogs. This study aimed to evaluate the serodiagnosis process and registration of canine visceral leishmaniasis (CVL) cases by the Environmental Health Surveillance Directorate (EHSD) of Federal District, Brasilia, the capital city of Brazil. We analyzed the EHSD database from 2005 to 2022. The database contained 52,266 records, with an overall positivity of 15.78%. The results indicated a risk association between the variables sex, age, fur size, and symptomatic state with CVL seropositivity. In the binomial logistic regression model, being male, being older than 6 years, and having a short fur increased the odds of a positive diagnosis. Among the clinical signs recorded, skin lesions were the most sensitive in indicating the presence of CVL (62.4%). The factor with the highest specificity was alopecia around the eyes (83.6%). The administrative regions with an incidence of human cases were the same as those with a high seroprevalence of CVL between 2011 and 2022.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.25-0059","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,2]],"date-time":"2025-12-02T15:32:46Z","timestamp":1764689566000},"page":"319-327","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Epidemiology of Canine Visceral Leishmaniasis in Federal District \u2013 Brazil (2005\u20132022): Investigation of Factors Associated with Seroprevalence"],"prefix":"10.4269","volume":"114","author":[{"given":"Maria Clara","family":"dos Santos Barros Martins","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Brasilia, Brasilia, Brazil;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Antonio Maia","family":"Olsen do Vale","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Psychology Department, Federal University of Ceara, Fortaleza, Brazil;"},{"name":"Postgraduate Program in Microbial Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Brasilia, Brasilia, Brazil;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"L\u00edvia Ribeiro","family":"Mendon\u00e7a","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Brasilia, Brasilia, Brazil;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mariese Concei\u00e7\u00e3o","family":"Alves dos Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Exact and Technological Sciences (CETEC), Federal University of Rec\u00f4ncavo da Bahia, Cruz das Almas, Brazil;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cecilia Beatriz","family":"Fiuza Favali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Brasilia, Brasilia, Brazil;"},{"name":"Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Brasilia, Brasilia, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"2795","reference":[{"key":"b1","series-title":"Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract","first-page":"1359","article-title":"Leishmaniasis","volume":"52","author":"Baneth","year":"2022"},{"key":"b2","series-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis","first-page":"e0004349","article-title":"A historical overview of the classification, evolution, and dispersion of Leishmania parasites and sandflies","volume":"10","author":"Akhoundi","year":"2016"},{"key":"b3","series-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"469","article-title":"Temporal and spatial trends in human visceral leishmaniasis in an endemic area in Northeast Brazil and their association with social vulnerability","volume":"116","author":"Andrade","year":"2022"},{"key":"b4","series-title":"Rev Sci Tech","first-page":"613","article-title":"Leishmaniosis (Leishmania infantum infection) in dogs","volume":"34","author":"Gharbi","year":"2015"},{"key":"b5","series-title":"Vet Parasitol","first-page":"296","article-title":"Asymptomatic dogs are highly competent to transmit Leishmania (Leishmania) infantum chagasi to the natural vector","volume":"196","author":"Laurenti","year":"2013"},{"key":"b6","series-title":"Vet Parasitol","first-page":"120","article-title":"Xenodiagnosis on dogs with visceral leishmaniasis: Canine and sand fly aspects related to the parasite transmission","volume":"223","author":"Magalhaes-Junior","year":"2016"},{"key":"b7","series-title":"Manual de Vigil\u00e2ncia e Controle da Leishmaniose Visceral, Vol 1","first-page":"120","year":"2014"},{"key":"b8","article-title":"Cen\u00e1rio epidemiol\u00f3gico das leishmanioses, no Distrito Federal, at\u00e9 a semana epidemiol\u00f3gica n 52. 2022:5-5.","year":"2022"},{"key":"b9","series-title":"Guia de Vigil\u00e2ncia em Sa\u00fade","first-page":"521","year":"2016"},{"key":"b10","series-title":"Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo","first-page":"151","article-title":"Visceral leishmaniasis in Brazil: Revisiting paradigms of epidemiology and control","volume":"48","author":"Dantas-Torres","year":"2006"},{"key":"b11","series-title":"Trends Parasitol","first-page":"531","article-title":"Canine leishmaniosis in the Old and New Worlds: Unveiled similarities and differences","volume":"28","author":"Dantas-Torres","year":"2012"},{"key":"b12","series-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis","first-page":"e584","article-title":"Control of visceral leishmaniasis in Latin America \u2013 A systematic review","volume":"4","author":"Romero","year":"2010"},{"key":"b13","series-title":"Cad Saude Publica","first-page":"1","article-title":"[Difficulties in implementing the guidelines of the Brazilian Visceral Leishmaniasis Control Program in large cities]","volume":"32","author":"Zuben","year":"2016"},{"key":"b14","series-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis","first-page":"e0010236","article-title":"Bayesian latent class models for identifying canine visceral leishmaniosis using diagnostic tests in the absence of a gold standard","volume":"16","author":"Ozanne","year":"2022"},{"key":"b15","series-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"54","article-title":"Evaluation of a novel chromatographic immunoassay based on Dual-Path Platform technology (DPP\u00ae CVL rapid test) for the serodiagnosis of canine visceral leishmaniasis","volume":"106","author":"Grimaldi","year":"2012"},{"key":"b16","series-title":"Panorama Distrito Federal"},{"key":"b17","series-title":"Cad Saude Publica","first-page":"673","article-title":"[Quality of socioeconomic and demographic data in relation to infant mortality in the Brazilian Mortality Information System (1996\/2001)]","volume":"22","author":"Romero","year":"2006"},{"key":"b18","series-title":"Jamovi v.","year":"2023"},{"key":"b19","year":"2011"},{"key":"b20","series-title":"Comun em Ci\u00eancias Sa\u00fade","first-page":"149","article-title":"Visceral no Distrito Federal: Aspectos organizacionais, situa\u00e7\u00e3o epidemiol\u00f3gica e medidas intersetoriais","volume":"28","author":"de Jesus Silva","year":"2018"},{"key":"b21","series-title":"Rev Bras Epidemiol","first-page":"298","article-title":"Time series of visceral leishmaniasis in Aracaju, state of Sergipe, Brazil (1999\u20132008): Human and canine aspects","volume":"15","author":"G\u00f3es","year":"2012"},{"key":"b22","series-title":"Rev Bras Parasitol Vet","first-page":"e003223","article-title":"Canine visceral leishmaniasis: Risk factors and spatial analysis in an endemic area of Northeastern Brazil","volume":"32","author":"Silva","year":"2023"},{"key":"b23","series-title":"J Health Sci Inst","first-page":"126","article-title":"Prevalence of visceral Leishmaniasis in dogs of Federal District, according to center of zoonoses Brasilia","volume":"32","author":"Herenio","year":"2014"},{"key":"b24","series-title":"Geospat Health","first-page":"503","article-title":"Epidemiological aspects and spatial distribution of human and canine visceral leishmaniasis in an endemic area in northeastern Brazil","volume":"12","author":"Campos","year":"2017"},{"key":"b25","series-title":"World Health Organ Tech Rep Ser","first-page":"xii","article-title":"Control of the leishmaniases","volume":"949","year":"2010"},{"key":"b26","series-title":"Epidemiol Serv Sa\u00fade","first-page":"227","article-title":"Flebotom\u00edneos (Diptera: Psychodidae) em \u00e1reas de ocorr\u00eancia de leishmaniose tegumentar americana no Distrito Federal, Brasil, 2006 a 2008, Phlebotominae fauna (Diptera: Psychodidae) in areas of transmission of American cutaneous leishmaniasis in the Federal District, Brazil, from 2006 to 2008","volume":"19","author":"de Carvalho","year":"2010"},{"key":"b27","article-title":"[Occurrence and Analysis of Natural Infection of Species of Phlebotominae Subfamily in Fercal, Federal District, Brazil\/DF].","author":"Coelho","year":"2017"},{"key":"b28","series-title":"Res Vet Sci","first-page":"35","article-title":"Characterization of sex, age, and breed for a population of canine leishmaniosis diseased dogs","volume":"85","author":"Miranda","year":"2008"},{"key":"b29","series-title":"Parasitol Res","first-page":"289","article-title":"Seroprevalence and risk factors associated with Leishmania infantum in dogs in Sardinia (Italy), an endemic island for leishmaniasis","volume":"120","author":"Tamponi","year":"2021"},{"key":"b30","series-title":"Prev Vet Med","first-page":"1","article-title":"Risk profile for Leishmania infection in dogs coming from an area of visceral leishmaniasis reemergence","volume":"150","author":"Leal","year":"2018"},{"key":"b31","series-title":"Vet Parasitol","first-page":"35","article-title":"A seroepidemiologic survey of canine visceral leishmaniosis among apparently healthy dogs in Croatia","volume":"131","author":"Zivicnjak","year":"2005"},{"key":"b32","series-title":"Infect Immun","first-page":"3316","article-title":"Hormonal modulation of sex differences in resistance to Leishmania major systemic infections","volume":"56","author":"Mock","year":"1988"},{"key":"b33","series-title":"Parasite Immunol. Mar","first-page":"e12512","article-title":"Dihydrotestosterone enhances growth and infectivity of Leishmania mexicana.","volume":"40","author":"Sanchez-Garcia","year":"2018"},{"key":"b34","series-title":"Parasitol Res","first-page":"674","article-title":"Effect of testosterone on Leishmania donovani infection of macrophages","volume":"87","author":"Zhang","year":"2001"},{"key":"b35","series-title":"Vet Parasitol","first-page":"189","article-title":"Risk factors for canine leishmaniasis in an endemic Mediterranean region","volume":"189","author":"Cortes","year":"2012"},{"key":"b36","series-title":"Adv Parasitol","first-page":"1","article-title":"Canine leishmaniasis","volume":"57","author":"Alvar","year":"2004"},{"key":"b37","series-title":"PLoS One","first-page":"e71833","article-title":"Risk factors for seroconversion by Leishmania infantum in a cohort of dogs from an endemic area of Brazil","volume":"8","author":"Coura-Vital","year":"2013"},{"key":"b38","series-title":"PLoS One","first-page":"e0244923","article-title":"Seroprevalence and risk factors associated with exposure to Leishmania infantum in dogs, in an endemic Mediterranean region","volume":"16","author":"Rombol\u00e0","year":"2021"},{"key":"b39","series-title":"Parasit Vectors","first-page":"86","article-title":"LeishVet guidelines for the practical management of canine leishmaniosis","volume":"4","author":"Solano-Gallego","year":"2011"},{"key":"b40","series-title":"Epidemiol Infect","first-page":"571","article-title":"Canine visceral leishmaniasis diagnosis: A comparative performance of serological and molecular tests in symptomatic and asymptomatic dogs","volume":"146","author":"de Carvalho","year":"2018"},{"key":"b1","series-title":"Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract","first-page":"1359","article-title":"Leishmaniasis","volume":"52","author":"Baneth","year":"2022"},{"key":"b2","series-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis","first-page":"e0004349","article-title":"A historical overview of the classification, evolution, and dispersion of Leishmania parasites and sandflies","volume":"10","author":"Akhoundi","year":"2016"},{"key":"b3","series-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"469","article-title":"Temporal and spatial trends in human visceral leishmaniasis in an endemic area in Northeast Brazil and their association with social vulnerability","volume":"116","author":"Andrade","year":"2022"},{"key":"b4","series-title":"Rev Sci Tech","first-page":"613","article-title":"Leishmaniosis (Leishmania infantum infection) in dogs","volume":"34","author":"Gharbi","year":"2015"},{"key":"b5","series-title":"Vet Parasitol","first-page":"296","article-title":"Asymptomatic dogs are highly competent to transmit Leishmania (Leishmania) infantum chagasi to the natural vector","volume":"196","author":"Laurenti","year":"2013"},{"key":"b6","series-title":"Vet Parasitol","first-page":"120","article-title":"Xenodiagnosis on dogs with visceral leishmaniasis: Canine and sand fly aspects related to the parasite transmission","volume":"223","author":"Magalhaes-Junior","year":"2016"},{"key":"b7","series-title":"Manual de Vigil\u00e2ncia e Controle da Leishmaniose Visceral, Vol 1","first-page":"120","year":"2014"},{"key":"b8","article-title":"Cen\u00e1rio epidemiol\u00f3gico das leishmanioses, no Distrito Federal, at\u00e9 a semana epidemiol\u00f3gica n 52. 2022:5-5.","year":"2022"},{"key":"b9","series-title":"Guia de Vigil\u00e2ncia em Sa\u00fade","first-page":"521","year":"2016"},{"key":"b10","series-title":"Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo","first-page":"151","article-title":"Visceral leishmaniasis in Brazil: Revisiting paradigms of epidemiology and control","volume":"48","author":"Dantas-Torres","year":"2006"},{"key":"b11","series-title":"Trends Parasitol","first-page":"531","article-title":"Canine leishmaniosis in the Old and New Worlds: Unveiled similarities and differences","volume":"28","author":"Dantas-Torres","year":"2012"},{"key":"b12","series-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis","first-page":"e584","article-title":"Control of visceral leishmaniasis in Latin America \u2013 A systematic review","volume":"4","author":"Romero","year":"2010"},{"key":"b13","series-title":"Cad Saude Publica","first-page":"1","article-title":"[Difficulties in implementing the guidelines of the Brazilian Visceral Leishmaniasis Control Program in large cities]","volume":"32","author":"Zuben","year":"2016"},{"key":"b14","series-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis","first-page":"e0010236","article-title":"Bayesian latent class models for identifying canine visceral leishmaniosis using diagnostic tests in the absence of a gold standard","volume":"16","author":"Ozanne","year":"2022"},{"key":"b15","series-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"54","article-title":"Evaluation of a novel chromatographic immunoassay based on Dual-Path Platform technology (DPP\u00ae CVL rapid test) for the serodiagnosis of canine visceral leishmaniasis","volume":"106","author":"Grimaldi","year":"2012"},{"key":"b16","series-title":"Panorama Distrito Federal"},{"key":"b17","series-title":"Cad Saude Publica","first-page":"673","article-title":"[Quality of socioeconomic and demographic data in relation to infant mortality in the Brazilian Mortality Information System (1996\/2001)]","volume":"22","author":"Romero","year":"2006"},{"key":"b18","series-title":"Jamovi v.","year":"2023"},{"key":"b19","year":"2011"},{"key":"b20","series-title":"Comun em Ci\u00eancias Sa\u00fade","first-page":"149","article-title":"Visceral no Distrito Federal: Aspectos organizacionais, situa\u00e7\u00e3o epidemiol\u00f3gica e medidas intersetoriais","volume":"28","author":"de Jesus Silva","year":"2018"},{"key":"b21","series-title":"Rev Bras Epidemiol","first-page":"298","article-title":"Time series of visceral leishmaniasis in Aracaju, state of Sergipe, Brazil (1999\u20132008): Human and canine aspects","volume":"15","author":"G\u00f3es","year":"2012"},{"key":"b22","series-title":"Rev Bras Parasitol Vet","first-page":"e003223","article-title":"Canine visceral leishmaniasis: Risk factors and spatial analysis in an endemic area of Northeastern Brazil","volume":"32","author":"Silva","year":"2023"},{"key":"b23","series-title":"J Health Sci Inst","first-page":"126","article-title":"Prevalence of visceral Leishmaniasis in dogs of Federal District, according to center of zoonoses Brasilia","volume":"32","author":"Herenio","year":"2014"},{"key":"b24","series-title":"Geospat Health","first-page":"503","article-title":"Epidemiological aspects and spatial distribution of human and canine visceral leishmaniasis in an endemic area in northeastern Brazil","volume":"12","author":"Campos","year":"2017"},{"key":"b25","series-title":"World Health Organ Tech Rep Ser","first-page":"xii","article-title":"Control of the leishmaniases","volume":"949","year":"2010"},{"key":"b26","series-title":"Epidemiol Serv Sa\u00fade","first-page":"227","article-title":"Flebotom\u00edneos (Diptera: Psychodidae) em \u00e1reas de ocorr\u00eancia de leishmaniose tegumentar americana no Distrito Federal, Brasil, 2006 a 2008, Phlebotominae fauna (Diptera: Psychodidae) in areas of transmission of American cutaneous leishmaniasis in the Federal District, Brazil, from 2006 to 2008","volume":"19","author":"de Carvalho","year":"2010"},{"key":"b27","article-title":"[Occurrence and Analysis of Natural Infection of Species of Phlebotominae Subfamily in Fercal, Federal District, Brazil\/DF].","author":"Coelho","year":"2017"},{"key":"b28","series-title":"Res Vet Sci","first-page":"35","article-title":"Characterization of sex, age, and breed for a population of canine leishmaniosis diseased dogs","volume":"85","author":"Miranda","year":"2008"},{"key":"b29","series-title":"Parasitol Res","first-page":"289","article-title":"Seroprevalence and risk factors associated with Leishmania infantum in dogs in Sardinia (Italy), an endemic island for leishmaniasis","volume":"120","author":"Tamponi","year":"2021"},{"key":"b30","series-title":"Prev Vet Med","first-page":"1","article-title":"Risk profile for Leishmania infection in dogs coming from an area of visceral leishmaniasis reemergence","volume":"150","author":"Leal","year":"2018"},{"key":"b31","series-title":"Vet Parasitol","first-page":"35","article-title":"A seroepidemiologic survey of canine visceral leishmaniosis among apparently healthy dogs in Croatia","volume":"131","author":"Zivicnjak","year":"2005"},{"key":"b32","series-title":"Infect Immun","first-page":"3316","article-title":"Hormonal modulation of sex differences in resistance to Leishmania major systemic infections","volume":"56","author":"Mock","year":"1988"},{"key":"b33","series-title":"Parasite Immunol. Mar","first-page":"e12512","article-title":"Dihydrotestosterone enhances growth and infectivity of Leishmania mexicana.","volume":"40","author":"Sanchez-Garcia","year":"2018"},{"key":"b34","series-title":"Parasitol Res","first-page":"674","article-title":"Effect of testosterone on Leishmania donovani infection of macrophages","volume":"87","author":"Zhang","year":"2001"},{"key":"b35","series-title":"Vet Parasitol","first-page":"189","article-title":"Risk factors for canine leishmaniasis in an endemic Mediterranean region","volume":"189","author":"Cortes","year":"2012"},{"key":"b36","series-title":"Adv Parasitol","first-page":"1","article-title":"Canine leishmaniasis","volume":"57","author":"Alvar","year":"2004"},{"key":"b37","series-title":"PLoS One","first-page":"e71833","article-title":"Risk factors for seroconversion by Leishmania infantum in a cohort of dogs from an endemic area of Brazil","volume":"8","author":"Coura-Vital","year":"2013"},{"key":"b38","series-title":"PLoS One","first-page":"e0244923","article-title":"Seroprevalence and risk factors associated with exposure to Leishmania infantum in dogs, in an endemic Mediterranean region","volume":"16","author":"Rombol\u00e0","year":"2021"},{"key":"b39","series-title":"Parasit Vectors","first-page":"86","article-title":"LeishVet guidelines for the practical management of canine leishmaniosis","volume":"4","author":"Solano-Gallego","year":"2011"},{"key":"b40","series-title":"Epidemiol Infect","first-page":"571","article-title":"Canine visceral leishmaniasis diagnosis: A comparative performance of serological and molecular tests in symptomatic and asymptomatic dogs","volume":"146","author":"de Carvalho","year":"2018"}],"container-title":["The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/view\/journals\/tpmd\/114\/2\/article-p319.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/tpmd\/114\/2\/article-p319.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/tpmd\/114\/2\/article-p319.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,10]],"date-time":"2026-04-10T17:19:43Z","timestamp":1775841583000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/view\/journals\/tpmd\/114\/2\/article-p319.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,4]]},"references-count":80,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4269\/ajtmh.25-0059","relation":{},"ISSN":["0002-9637","1476-1645"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0002-9637","type":"print"},{"value":"1476-1645","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,4]]}}}