{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,13]],"date-time":"2026-02-13T15:20:47Z","timestamp":1770996047430,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":12,"publisher":"American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT.<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>After a major outbreak in Bangladesh in 2017, chikungunya nearly vanished from its territory until its resurgence in late 2024. However, its symptomatic overlap with dengue virus (DENV), another major arbovirus, has hindered accurate diagnosis and reporting, resulting in limited molecular diagnostic efforts for chikungunya in this region. This diagnostic evaluation study aimed to detect and characterize arboviral infections at the molecular level, focusing on the re-emergence of chikungunya and implications for future outbreaks. Febrile individuals aged 5\u201365 years old presenting with fever onset within 2\u20135 days along with other corresponding febrile symptoms were prospectively recruited from the International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh diagnostic facilities in Dhaka, Bangladesh. After meeting inclusion and exclusion criteria, 569 of 1,280 screened individuals were enrolled, providing informed written consent\/assent. Serum samples from 474 participants underwent real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction testing, revealing 213 positive cases for at least one arbovirus. Chikungunya cases totaled 55, including seven coinfections (six with DENV and the first documented chikungunya virus\u2013Zika virus coinfection in Bangladesh). No infections were reported from January to August, with a peak in October and November. Most chikungunya virus infections (72.7%) had moderate to high viral loads, with symptoms of joint pain, myalgia, and headaches. This resurgence of chikungunya in late 2024 highlights the potential for a major outbreak in 2025, necessitating proactive measures to mitigate public health impact and ensure a robust response to this re-emerging threat.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.25-0064","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,1]],"date-time":"2025-07-01T12:04:46Z","timestamp":1751371486000},"page":"516-519","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["The Return of Chikungunya in Bangladesh in 2024: Implications for Future Outbreaks"],"prefix":"10.4269","volume":"113","author":[{"given":"Anamul","family":"Hasan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Diseases Division, International Centre for Diarrheal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Md. Fahad","family":"Zamil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Diseases Division, International Centre for Diarrheal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Afrida Tabassum","family":"Trina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Diseases Division, International Centre for Diarrheal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mohammad Sharif","family":"Hossain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Diseases Division, International Centre for Diarrheal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sajia","family":"Afreen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Diseases Division, International Centre for Diarrheal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dilruba","family":"Ahmed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical and Diagnostic Services, International Centre for Diarrheal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mohammad Shafiul","family":"Alam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Diseases Division, International Centre for Diarrheal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"2795","reference":[{"key":"b1","series-title":"BMC Infect Dis","first-page":"84","article-title":"Co-distribution and co-infection of chikungunya and dengue viruses","volume":"16","author":"Furuya-Kanamori","year":"2016"},{"key":"b2","series-title":"Front Cell Infect Microbiol","first-page":"821061","article-title":"Comodulation of dengue and chikungunya virus infection during a coinfection scenario in human cell lines","volume":"12","author":"Taraphdar","year":"2022"},{"key":"b3","series-title":"BMC Infect Dis","first-page":"61","article-title":"Co-circulation and simultaneous co-infection of dengue, chikungunya, and Zika viruses in patients with febrile syndrome at the Colombian\u2013Venezuelan border","volume":"18","author":"Carrillo-Hern\u00e1ndez","year":"2018"},{"key":"b4","series-title":"Health Sci Bull","first-page":"1","article-title":"First identified outbreak of chikungunya in Bangladesh, 2008","volume":"7","year":"2009"},{"key":"b5","series-title":"Faridpur Med Coll J","first-page":"1","article-title":"Chikungunya: Bangladesh perspective","volume":"13","author":"Alam","year":"2018"},{"key":"b6","series-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis","first-page":"e0007466","article-title":"Chikungunya outbreak in Bangladesh (2017): Clinical and hematological findings","volume":"14","author":"Anwar","year":"2020"},{"key":"b7","series-title":"J Infect Dis","first-page":"e1031","article-title":"Results of a nationally representative seroprevalence survey of chikungunya virus in Bangladesh","volume":"230","author":"Allen","year":"2024"},{"key":"b8","series-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"617","article-title":"Resurgence of dengue virus serotype 2: Findings from the 2023 Bangladesh outbreak","volume":"111","author":"Hasan","year":"2024"},{"key":"b9","series-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis","first-page":"e0012866","article-title":"Concurrent transmission of Zika virus during the 2023 dengue outbreak in Dhaka, Bangladesh","volume":"19","author":"Hasan","year":"2025"},{"key":"b10","series-title":"Diseases","first-page":"31","article-title":"Global prevalence of Zika and chikungunya coinfection: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"12","author":"Ahmed","year":"2024"},{"key":"b11","series-title":"Virusdisease","first-page":"504","article-title":"Prevalence and trend of emerging and re-emerging arboviral infections in the state of Odisha","volume":"32","author":"Subhadra","year":"2021"},{"key":"b12","article-title":"Communicable Diseases (Prevention, Control and Eradication) Act, 2018","year":"2018"}],"container-title":["The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/view\/journals\/tpmd\/113\/3\/article-p516.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/tpmd\/113\/3\/article-p516.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/tpmd\/113\/3\/article-p516.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,3]],"date-time":"2025-09-03T13:13:52Z","timestamp":1756905232000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/view\/journals\/tpmd\/113\/3\/article-p516.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,3]]},"references-count":12,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4269\/ajtmh.25-0064","relation":{},"ISSN":["0002-9637","1476-1645"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0002-9637","type":"print"},{"value":"1476-1645","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,3]]}}}