{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,19]],"date-time":"2026-05-19T14:20:41Z","timestamp":1779200441676,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene","issue":"5","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT.<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Onchocerciasis is a neglected tropical disease that has severe health and socioeconomic impacts on the mostly poor and underserved communities in disease-endemic areas. Despite significant global progress toward the elimination of onchocerciasis transmission there remains a high risk of reemergence in areas where the disease was previously eliminated. Here we discuss the potential risk factors for the reemergence of onchocerciasis in disease-free zones in Sudan and nearby countries resulting from war-induced massive population displacement. We urge public health, humanitarian, and development stakeholders to invest in policymaking, strategic planning, resource mobilization, and development and implementation of sustainable and cost-effective prevention and control interventions for onchocerciasis, particularly among the most vulnerable high-risk populations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.25-0100","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,9]],"date-time":"2025-09-09T18:27:34Z","timestamp":1757442454000},"page":"950-953","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Strategies and Recommendations for the Prevention and Control of War-Facilitated Onchocerciasis Reemergence in Sudan"],"prefix":"10.4269","volume":"113","author":[{"given":"Nouh Saad","family":"Mohamed","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Pan-Africa One Health Institute, Kigali, Rwanda;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ayman","family":"Ahmed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pan-Africa One Health Institute, Kigali, Rwanda;"},{"name":"Institute of Endemic Diseases, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Emmanuel Edwar","family":"Siddig","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Applied Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medical Laboratory Sciences, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"2795","reference":[{"key":"b1","series-title":"Lancet Glob Health","first-page":"e771","article-title":"Elimination of transmission of onchocerciasis (river blindness) with long-term ivermectin mass drug administration with or without vector control in sub-Saharan Africa: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"12","author":"Mutono","year":"2024"},{"key":"b2","series-title":"Lancet","first-page":"1341","article-title":"Onchocerciasis","volume":"351","author":"Burnham","year":"1998"},{"key":"b3","series-title":"Onchocerciasis and Its Control: Report of a WHO Expert Committee on Onchocerciasis Control","year":"1995"},{"key":"b4","series-title":"Lancet","first-page":"2133","article-title":"Global incidence, prevalence, years lived with disability (YLDs), disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), and healthy life expectancy (HALE) for 371 diseases and injuries in 204 countries and territories and 811 subnational locations, 1990\u20132021: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021","volume":"403","year":"2024"},{"key":"b5","series-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis","first-page":"e497","article-title":"Feasibility of onchocerciasis elimination with ivermectin treatment in endemic foci in Africa: First evidence from studies in Mali and Senegal","volume":"3","author":"Diawara","year":"2009"},{"key":"b6","series-title":"Lancet Microbe","first-page":"e315","article-title":"GONE to combat onchocerciasis","volume":"5","author":"Bagcchi","year":"2024"},{"key":"b7","article-title":"Status of Endemicity of Onchocerciasis.","year":"2024"},{"key":"b8","series-title":"Lancet Glob Health","first-page":"e715","article-title":"Onchocerciasis elimination in sub-Saharan Africa requires alternative strategies","volume":"12","author":"Njamnshi","year":"2024"},{"key":"b9","series-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"1037","article-title":"The first confirmed elimination of an onchocerciasis focus in Africa: Abu Hamed, Sudan","volume":"95","author":"Zarroug","year":"2016"},{"key":"b10","series-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis","first-page":"e0007830","article-title":"The Galabat-Metema cross-border onchocerciasis focus: The first coordinated interruption of onchocerciasis transmission in 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Sudan\u2019s humanitarian crisis traumatizing a nation","volume":"89","author":"Siddig","year":"2023"},{"key":"b16","series-title":"QJM","first-page":"810","article-title":"Humanitarian crisis in Sudan: The collapsed health system threats the public and global health","volume":"116","author":"El-Sadig","year":"2023"},{"key":"b17","series-title":"Lancet","first-page":"1724","article-title":"Resurgence of cholera amidst ongoing war in Sudan","volume":"404","author":"Ali","year":"2024"},{"key":"b18","series-title":"Med Confl Surviv","first-page":"364","article-title":"The unraveling of Sudan\u2019s health system: Catastrophic consequences of ongoing conflict","volume":"39","author":"Alfadul","year":"2023"},{"key":"b19","series-title":"J Clim Chang Health","first-page":"100057","article-title":"The impacts of climate change on displaced populations: A call for action","volume":"3","author":"Ahmed","year":"2021"},{"key":"b20","series-title":"Lancet Microbe","first-page":"101035","article-title":"Burden of infectious diseases in Sudan","volume":"6","author":"Venkatesan","year":"2025"},{"key":"b21","article-title":"Dataset Records for Federal Ministry of Health (Sudan).","year":"2025"},{"key":"b22","series-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"58","article-title":"Integrated serosurveillance for onchocerciasis, lymphatic filariasis, and schistosomiasis in North Darfur, Sudan","volume":"111","author":"Coalson","year":"2024"},{"key":"b23","series-title":"Nat Commun","first-page":"10274","article-title":"Innovative technologies to address neglected tropical diseases in African settings with persistent sociopolitical instability","volume":"15","author":"Manyazewal","year":"2024"},{"key":"b24","article-title":"Ending the Neglect to Attain the Sustainable Development Goals: A Framework for Monitoring and Evaluating Progress of the Road Map for Neglected Tropical Diseases 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