{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,1]],"date-time":"2025-10-01T18:12:07Z","timestamp":1759342327202,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT.<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Intestinal protozoan infections, including <jats:italic>Giardia lamblia<\/jats:italic> (<jats:italic>G. lamblia<\/jats:italic>), <jats:italic>Cryptosporidium<\/jats:italic> spp., and <jats:italic>Entamoeba histolytica<\/jats:italic> (<jats:italic>E. histolytica<\/jats:italic>), are major contributors to global gastrointestinal morbidity and mortality, particularly among children in resource-limited settings. With this study, we aimed to determine the prevalence of protozoan infections among forcibly displaced Myanmar national children aged 6\u201316 years by using a multiplex real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction method. Among 419 participants, the overall prevalence of protozoan infections was 49.4%, with <jats:italic>G. lamblia<\/jats:italic> being the most prevalent species (47.0%), followed by <jats:italic>Cryptosporidium<\/jats:italic> spp. (4.3%) and <jats:italic>E. histolytica<\/jats:italic> (1.2%). The most frequent coinfection involved <jats:italic>G. lamblia<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Cryptosporidium<\/jats:italic> (2.1%). Male children were marginally more likely to be infected with any protozoan (odds ratio [OR] = 0.086; <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = 0.047); however, sex was not a significant predictor when exclusively analyzing <jats:italic>Giardia<\/jats:italic>-, <jats:italic>Cryptosporidium<\/jats:italic>-, or <jats:italic>E. histolytica<\/jats:italic>-positive children. Nutrition status was a significant predictor of being infected with any protozoan (OR = 1.67; <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = 0.012), and increased nutrition was additionally associated with lower levels of fecal myeloperoxidase (estimate = \u22120.31; <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = 0.030) and alpha-1-antitrypsin (estimate = \u221263.41; <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = 0.026). Age was significantly predictive of infection status, with younger children exhibiting increased odds of positivity for protozoan parasites (OR = 0.87; <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> \u22640.001). Increasing age was associated with reduced myeloperoxidase (estimate = \u22120.17; <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = 0.015) but was not associated with alpha-1-antitrypsin. This study underscores the substantial prevalence of intestinal protozoan infections among displaced children and highlights the need for targeted public health interventions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.25-0104","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,22]],"date-time":"2025-07-22T16:07:54Z","timestamp":1753200474000},"page":"781-787","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Prevalence of Cryptosporidium, Giardia, and Entamoeba histolytica in the School-Aged Children of Forcibly Displaced Myanmar Nationals in Bangladesh"],"prefix":"10.4269","volume":"113","author":[{"given":"Zannatun","family":"Noor","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Diseases Division, International Centre for Diarrheal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Biplob","family":"Hossain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Diseases Division, International Centre for Diarrheal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Abdullah Al","family":"Noman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nutritional Research Division, International Centre for Diarrheal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sultan","family":"Mahmud","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Diseases Division, International Centre for Diarrheal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Audrey C.","family":"Brown","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mamun","family":"Kabir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Diseases Division, International Centre for Diarrheal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Abu Syed Golam","family":"Faruque","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nutritional Research Division, International Centre for Diarrheal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rashidul","family":"Haque","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Diseases Division, International Centre for Diarrheal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"2795","reference":[{"year":"2023","series-title":"Levels and Trends in Child Malnutrition Child Malnutrition: UNICEF\/WHO\/World Bank Group Joint Child Malnutrition Estimates: Key Findings of the 2023 Edition","key":"b1"},{"key":"b2","series-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev","first-page":"420","article-title":"Enteric protozoa 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