{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]],"date-time":"2026-09-14T10:21:09Z","timestamp":1789381269143,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":118,"publisher":"American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT.<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is a vector-borne disease caused by\n                    <jats:italic>Leishmania infantum<\/jats:italic>\n                    infections in Brazil, and\n                    <jats:italic>Lutzomyia longipalpis<\/jats:italic>\n                    is its main vector. It is not well understood how\n                    <jats:italic>L. infantum<\/jats:italic>\n                    circulates between three hosts of public health importance: dogs, humans, and sand flies. The focus of this study was to determine the detection rate of\n                    <jats:italic>L. infantum<\/jats:italic>\n                    DNA in sand flies and evaluate the relative contribution of the three hosts as sand fly blood sources. Insects were collected using light traps in households with recent history of human VL, close neighbors of VL cases, and households with no recent history of human VL. DNA was extracted from single sand fly guts and\n                    <jats:italic>L. infantum<\/jats:italic>\n                    DNA, and sources of blood were identified by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) using specific\n                    <jats:italic>cytochrome B.<\/jats:italic>\n                    Among 248 female sand flies captured, qPCR detected\n                    <jats:italic>L. infantum<\/jats:italic>\n                    DNA in 56% of them. Sand flies captured in households with recent history of human VL or VL endemic neighbors were, respectively, 3.73 (95% CI: 1.64\u20138.48;\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 4.92e-04) or 6.38 (95% CI: 3.37\u201312.09;\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 4.62e-10) times more likely to carry\n                    <jats:italic>L. infantum<\/jats:italic>\n                    DNA compared with sand flies captured in houses with no history of VL. Dog blood was most common, but multiple blood sources were detected in individual flies. Our findings reaffirm the role of dogs as\n                    <jats:italic>L. infantum<\/jats:italic>\n                    reservoirs in northeast Brazil. These findings highlight the importance of topical insecticides as measures to prevent canine\n                    <jats:italic>L. infantum<\/jats:italic>\n                    infection and limit the risk of human infection.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.25-0109","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,20]],"date-time":"2025-11-20T17:14:51Z","timestamp":1763658891000},"page":"312-318","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["The Presence of Leishmania infantum DNA in Sand Flies Reflects Their Proximity to Human and Canine Visceral Leishmaniasis"],"prefix":"10.4269","volume":"114","author":[{"given":"Angelis Maria Alves","family":"Falc\u00e3o","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Tropical Medicine of Rio Grande do Norte, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil;"},{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, Graduate Program in Biochemistry, Biosciences Center, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joanna Gardel","family":"Valverde","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Tropical Medicine of Rio Grande do Norte, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paulo Ricardo Porf\u00edrio do","family":"Nascimento","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Tropical Medicine of Rio Grande do Norte, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jan Pierre Martins","family":"Ara\u00fajo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zoonosis Surveillance Unit, Natal Health Secretariat, Natal, Brazil;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9 Fl\u00e1vio Vidal","family":"Coutinho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Tropical Medicine of Rio Grande do Norte, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil;"},{"name":"Zoonosis Surveillance Unit, Natal Health Secretariat, Natal, Brazil;"},{"name":"Health Science Graduate Program, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mary E.","family":"Wilson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa and the Veterans\u2019 Affairs Medical Center, Iowa City, Iowa;"},{"name":"Department of Microbiology, University of Iowa and the Veterans\u2019 Affairs Medical Center, Iowa City, Iowa;"},{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christine A.","family":"Petersen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa;"},{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Diego G.","family":"Teixeira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Tropical Medicine of Rio Grande do Norte, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Selma M. B.","family":"Jeronimo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Tropical Medicine of Rio Grande do Norte, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil;"},{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, Graduate Program in Biochemistry, Biosciences Center, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil;"},{"name":"Health Science Graduate Program, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil;"},{"name":"Institute of Science and Technology of Tropical Diseases, Natal, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"2795","reference":[{"key":"b1","series-title":"Rev Sa\u00fade P\u00fablica","first-page":"361","article-title":"Epidemia de leishmaniose visceral no Estado do Piau\u00ed, Brasil, 1980-1986","volume":"24","author":"Costa","year":"1990"},{"key":"b2","series-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"386","article-title":"An urban outbreak of visceral leishmaniasis in Natal, Brazil","volume":"88","author":"Jeronimo","year":"1994"},{"key":"b3","series-title":"Parasitol Today","first-page":"37","article-title":"Visceral leishmaniasis in Rio de Janeiro","volume":"10","author":"Marzochi","year":"1994"},{"key":"b4","series-title":"Arq Bras Med Vet Zootec","first-page":"1","article-title":"Urbanization of visceral leishmaniose in Belo Horizonte, Brazil","volume":"53","author":"Bevilacqua","year":"2001"},{"key":"b5","series-title":"Cad Saude Publica","first-page":"2959","article-title":"Characterization and speculations on the urbanization of visceral leishmaniasis in Brazil","volume":"24","author":"Costa","year":"2008"},{"key":"b6","series-title":"Rev Bras Epidemiol","first-page":"338","article-title":"Leishmaniose visceral no Brasil: Quadro atual, desafios e perspectivas","volume":"7","author":"Gontijo","year":"2004"},{"key":"b7","series-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"125","article-title":"Guide to the identification and geographic distribution of Lutzomyia sand flies in Mexico, the West Indies, Central and South America (Diptera: Psychodidae). D. G. Young & M. A. Duncan. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute no. 54. Gainesville, Florida, USA: Associated Publishers, 1994. 881 pp. US$85. ISBN 1-5666-054-2","volume":"89","author":"Killick-Kendrick","year":"1995"},{"key":"b8","series-title":"Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz","first-page":"e190184","article-title":"Lutzomyia longipalpis (Diptera: Psychodidae) Argentina\u2013Bolivia border: New report and genetic diversity","volume":"114","author":"Quintana","year":"2019"},{"key":"b9","series-title":"Neotrop Entomol","first-page":"128","article-title":"Flebotom\u00edneos (Diptera: Psychodidae) e leishmanioses no Rio Grande do Norte, Nordeste do Brasil-reflexos do ambiente antr\u00f3pico","volume":"36","author":"Ximenes","year":"2007"},{"key":"b10","series-title":"Parasit Vectors","first-page":"83","article-title":"Sand flies (Diptera, Psychodidae, Phlebotominae), vectors of Leishmania protozoa, at an Atlantic Forest Conservation Unit in the municipality of N\u00edsia Floresta, Rio Grande do Norte state, Brazil","volume":"9","author":"Pinheiro","year":"2016"},{"key":"b11","series-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med 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urban outbreak of visceral leishmaniasis in Natal, Brazil","volume":"88","author":"Jeronimo","year":"1994"},{"key":"b3","series-title":"Parasitol Today","first-page":"37","article-title":"Visceral leishmaniasis in Rio de Janeiro","volume":"10","author":"Marzochi","year":"1994"},{"key":"b4","series-title":"Arq Bras Med Vet Zootec","first-page":"1","article-title":"Urbanization of visceral leishmaniose in Belo Horizonte, Brazil","volume":"53","author":"Bevilacqua","year":"2001"},{"key":"b5","series-title":"Cad Saude Publica","first-page":"2959","article-title":"Characterization and speculations on the urbanization of visceral leishmaniasis in Brazil","volume":"24","author":"Costa","year":"2008"},{"key":"b6","series-title":"Rev Bras Epidemiol","first-page":"338","article-title":"Leishmaniose visceral no Brasil: Quadro atual, desafios e perspectivas","volume":"7","author":"Gontijo","year":"2004"},{"key":"b7","series-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"125","article-title":"Guide to the identification and geographic distribution of Lutzomyia sand flies in Mexico, the West Indies, Central and South America (Diptera: Psychodidae). D. G. Young & M. A. Duncan. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute no. 54. Gainesville, Florida, USA: Associated Publishers, 1994. 881 pp. US$85. ISBN 1-5666-054-2","volume":"89","author":"Killick-Kendrick","year":"1995"},{"key":"b8","series-title":"Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz","first-page":"e190184","article-title":"Lutzomyia longipalpis (Diptera: Psychodidae) Argentina\u2013Bolivia border: New report and genetic diversity","volume":"114","author":"Quintana","year":"2019"},{"key":"b9","series-title":"Neotrop Entomol","first-page":"128","article-title":"Flebotom\u00edneos (Diptera: Psychodidae) e leishmanioses no Rio Grande do Norte, Nordeste do Brasil-reflexos do ambiente antr\u00f3pico","volume":"36","author":"Ximenes","year":"2007"},{"key":"b10","series-title":"Parasit Vectors","first-page":"83","article-title":"Sand flies (Diptera, Psychodidae, Phlebotominae), vectors of Leishmania protozoa, at an Atlantic Forest Conservation Unit in the municipality of N\u00edsia Floresta, Rio Grande do Norte state, Brazil","volume":"9","author":"Pinheiro","year":"2016"},{"key":"b11","series-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med 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