{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T20:10:55Z","timestamp":1775074255570,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT.<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p><jats:italic>Toxoplasma gondii<\/jats:italic> infection can pose a significant health risk, particularly among immunocompromised individuals, such as people living with HIV (PLHIV). This study aimed to evaluate the seroprevalence of <jats:italic>T. gondii<\/jats:italic> and associated factors among PLHIV and individuals who are HIV negative in two distinct regions of Peru: Iquitos and Lima. We conducted a cross-sectional study, enrolling 281 participants (100 PLHIV and 181 HIV-negative participants). An in-house ELISA was used to detect IgG antibodies against <jats:italic>T. gondii<\/jats:italic> after ensuring that its performance was comparable with the commercially available Vircell ELISA kit. Our in-house ELISA demonstrated high reliability, with a positive agreement of 98.3% and a negative agreement of 100% with the Vircell ELISA kit. The overall seroprevalence of <jats:italic>T. gondii<\/jats:italic> was 62.3%, with significantly higher rates observed in Iquitos (88.0%) than in Lima (29.3%). People living with HIV showed a notably higher prevalence ratio (PR) for <jats:italic>T. gondii<\/jats:italic> seropositivity in both cities, with PRs of 1.18 (95% CI, 1.07\u20131.29) in Iquitos and 2.29 (95% CI, 1.30\u20134.05) in Lima. This study highlights the significant regional disparities in <jats:italic>T. gondii<\/jats:italic> seroprevalence between Iquitos and Lima, which may be driven by environmental and socioeconomic factors. Our findings underscore the need for region-specific public health interventions to mitigate the impact of <jats:italic>T. gondii<\/jats:italic> infections in PLHIV in Peru. Enhanced public health strategies, including improved access to clean water and sanitation in high-risk areas like Iquitos, may be important to reduce the burden of <jats:italic>T. gondii<\/jats:italic> and prevent severe complications in vulnerable populations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.25-0135","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,8]],"date-time":"2025-07-08T11:38:50Z","timestamp":1751974730000},"page":"600-606","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Seroprevalence and Factors Associated with Infection with Toxoplasma gondii in Iquitos and Lima, Peru"],"prefix":"10.4269","volume":"113","author":[{"given":"Carlos Alonso","family":"Flores B","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Laboratorios de Investigaci\u00f3n y Desarrollo, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cusi","family":"Ferradas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Laboratorios de Investigaci\u00f3n y Desarrollo, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru;"},{"name":"Unidad de Investigaci\u00f3n en Enfermedades Emergentes y Cambio Clim\u00e1tico, Facultad de Salud P\u00fablica, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Edith S.","family":"M\u00e1laga-Machaca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Laboratorios de Investigaci\u00f3n y Desarrollo, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"Diestra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Laboratorios de Investigaci\u00f3n y Desarrollo, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hannah E.","family":"Steinberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Laboratorios de Investigaci\u00f3n y Desarrollo, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru;"},{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Illinois, Chicago, Illinois;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jaeson","family":"Calla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Laboratorios de Investigaci\u00f3n y Desarrollo, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru;"},{"name":"Facultad de Medicina, Programa de Doctorado en Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, Peru;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Guillermo","family":"Salvatierra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Veterinary Medicine, Health Sciences Faculty, Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas, Lima, Peru;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Catherine","family":"Apaza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Laboratorios de Investigaci\u00f3n y Desarrollo, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Juan","family":"Jim\u00e9nez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Parasitolog\u00eda Molecular y Celular, Facultad de Ciencias Biol\u00f3gicas, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, Peru;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Natalie M.","family":"Bowman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Robert H.","family":"Gilman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of International Health, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maritza","family":"Calder\u00f3n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Laboratorios de Investigaci\u00f3n y Desarrollo, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"2795","reference":[{"key":"b1","series-title":"Toxoplasmosis of Animals and Humans","author":"Dubey","year":"2021"},{"key":"b2","series-title":"Trop Biomed","first-page":"898","article-title":"Global status of Toxoplasma gondii infection: Systematic review and prevalence snapshots","volume":"36","author":"Molan","year":"2019"},{"key":"b3","series-title":"Res Vet Sci","first-page":"371","article-title":"Foodborne transmission of Toxoplasma gondii infection in the last decade. 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