{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,30]],"date-time":"2026-10-30T04:01:28Z","timestamp":1793332888369,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":128,"publisher":"American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,7]],"date-time":"2026-01-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767744000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT.<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Mass drug administration (MDA) of ivermectin is currently being evaluated for malaria control. Uptake and adherence to MDA are shaped by various individual, social, and operational factors; however, the authors of most studies have focused on individual drivers of uptake. In the present paper, a longitudinal qualitative study undertaken alongside the Broad One Health Endectocide-Based Malaria Intervention in Africa (BOHEMIA) ivermectin MDA clinical trial is reported to examine community experiences and perceptions of the trial and the ivermectin MDA. Using purposive maximum variation sampling, researchers selected five villages involved in the BOHEMIA trial (two in the intervention arm and three in the control arm). Before the trial, researchers lived in each village for 1 month, making observations and conducting in-depth interviews (IDIs) and focus group discussions (FGDs). They returned before the first MDA round and remained throughout all three rounds, gathering insights on trial implementation, community perceptions, and perceived effects of the MDA. During this period, a total of 22 IDIs were conducted, along with structured observation reports. Two months after the MDA, 15 FGDs were held in eight additional villages. The findings indicate that during the trial, addressing needs and confidence in the implementing institution fostered participation, whereas previous negative experiences with MDA interventions and perceived exclusion from community engagement activities reduced involvement. The MDA was widely perceived as effective in reducing mosquitoes and malaria in both arms of the trial. It was also seen as highly effective against bedbugs in the intervention arm. These insights highlight the importance of trust, engagement, and previous experiences in shaping community participation in MDA programs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.25-0145","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,11]],"date-time":"2025-11-11T15:21:37Z","timestamp":1762874497000},"page":"72-84","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Community Experiences and Perceptions of the Broad One Health Endectocide-Based Malaria Intervention in Africa Trial of Ivermectin Mass Drug Administration: A Longitudinal Qualitative Study in Kwale County, Kenya"],"prefix":"10.4269","volume":"114","author":[{"given":"Winnie","family":"Wangari","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Geographic Medicine Research-Coast, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kilifi, Kenya;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Truphena","family":"Onyango","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Geographic Medicine Research-Coast, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kilifi, Kenya;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karisa","family":"Kazungu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Geographic Medicine Research-Coast, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kilifi, Kenya;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Khadija","family":"Nuru","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Geographic Medicine Research-Coast, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kilifi, Kenya;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lydia","family":"Kasiwa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Geographic Medicine Research-Coast, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kilifi, Kenya;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carlos","family":"Chaccour","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ISGlobal, Barcelona, Spain;"},{"name":"CIBER de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Madrid, Spain;"},{"name":"Navarra Center for International Development, Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"N. Regina","family":"Rabinovich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ISGlobal, Barcelona, Spain;"},{"name":"Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joseph","family":"Mwangangi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Geographic Medicine Research-Coast, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kilifi, Kenya;"},{"name":"Centre for Vector-Borne Disease Control, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kwale, Kenya;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marta","family":"Maia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Geographic Medicine Research-Coast, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kilifi, Kenya;"},{"name":"Centre for Global Health Research, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Caroline","family":"Jones","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Geographic Medicine Research-Coast, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kilifi, Kenya;"},{"name":"Centre for Global Health Research, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"2795","reference":[{"key":"b1","series-title":"Malar J","first-page":"405","article-title":"The dynamic of asymptomatic Plasmodium falciparum infections following mass drug administrations with dihydroarteminisin-piperaquine plus a single low dose of primaquine in Savannakhet Province, Laos","volume":"17","author":"Pongvongsa","year":"2018"},{"key":"b2","series-title":"Clin Infect Dis","first-page":"817","article-title":"A controlled trial of mass drug administration to interrupt transmission of multidrug-resistant falciparum malaria in Cambodian villages","volume":"67","author":"Tripura","year":"2018"},{"key":"b3","series-title":"PloS Med","first-page":"e1002745","article-title":"The impact of targeted malaria elimination with mass drug administrations on falciparum malaria in Southeast Asia: A cluster randomised trial","volume":"16","author":"von Seidlein","year":"2019"},{"key":"b4","series-title":"Malar J","first-page":"190","article-title":"Setting the scene and generating evidence for malaria elimination in Southern Mozambique","volume":"18","author":"Aide","year":"2019"},{"key":"b5","series-title":"J Infect Dis","first-page":"1831","article-title":"Short-term impact of mass drug administration with dihydroartemisinin plus piperaquine on malaria in southern province Zambia: A cluster-randomized controlled trial","volume":"214","author":"Eisele","year":"2016"},{"key":"b6","series-title":"Lancet Infect Dis","first-page":"519","article-title":"Mass drug administration of ivermectin and dihydroartemisinin\u2013piperaquine against malaria in settings with high coverage of standard control interventions: A cluster-randomised controlled trial in The Gambia","volume":"22","author":"Dabira","year":"2022"},{"key":"b7","series-title":"Lancet Infect Dis","first-page":"424","article-title":"Adjunctive ivermectin mass drug administration for malaria control on the Bijagos Archipelago of Guinea-Bissau (MATAMAL): A quadruple-blinded, cluster-randomised, placebo-controlled trial","volume":"25","author":"Hutchins","year":"2025"},{"key":"b8","series-title":"J Infect Dis","first-page":"113","article-title":"Effect of ivermectin on Anopheles gambiae mosquitoes fed on humans: The potential of oral insecticides in malaria control","volume":"202","author":"Chaccour","year":"2010"},{"key":"b9","series-title":"Malar J","first-page":"153","article-title":"Ivermectin to reduce malaria transmission: A research agenda for a promising new tool for elimination","volume":"12","author":"Chaccour","year":"2013"},{"key":"b10","series-title":"Malar J","first-page":"206","article-title":"Mass anti-malarial administration in western Cambodia: A qualitative study of factors affecting coverage","volume":"16","author":"Pell","year":"2017"},{"key":"b11","series-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"100","article-title":"Reflections on a community engagement strategy for mass antimalarial drug administration in Cambodia","volume":"98","author":"Peto","year":"2018"},{"key":"b12","series-title":"Malar J","first-page":"75","article-title":"Community engagement and the social context of targeted malaria treatment: A qualitative study in Kayin (Karen) State, Myanmar","volume":"16","author":"Sahan","year":"2017"},{"key":"b13","series-title":"Glob Health Action","first-page":"1366136","article-title":"Elements of effective community engagement: Lessons from a targeted malaria elimination study in Lao PDR (Laos)","volume":"10","author":"Adhikari","year":"2017"},{"key":"b14","series-title":"Malar J","first-page":"198","article-title":"From informed consent to adherence: Factors influencing involvement in mass drug administration with ivermectin for malaria elimination in The Gambia","volume":"20","author":"Fehr","year":"2021"},{"key":"b15","series-title":"Trials","first-page":"128","article-title":"BOHEMIA: Broad One Health Endectocide-based Malaria Intervention in Africa\u2014A phase III cluster-randomized, open-label, clinical trial to study the safety and efficacy of ivermectin mass drug administration to reduce malaria transmission in two African settings","volume":"24","author":"Chaccour","year":"2023"},{"key":"b16","article-title":"Understanding Population Projections Computed Estimates of Future Population Sizes and Structures Based on the Past and Current Situation of a Population Group.","year":"2023"},{"key":"b17","series-title":"PLoS One","first-page":"e0257276","article-title":"Assessment of malaria infection among pregnant women and children below five years of age attending rural health facilities of Kenya: A cross-sectional survey in two counties of Kenya","volume":"16","author":"Okoyo","year":"2021"},{"key":"b18","series-title":"Int J Infect Dis","first-page":"107236","article-title":"Mosquitocidal efficacy and pharmacokinetics of single-dose ivermectin versus three-day dose regimen for malaria vector control compared with albendazole and no treatment: An open-label randomized controlled trial","volume":"148","author":"Kamau","year":"2024"},{"key":"b19","series-title":"Malar J","first-page":"79","article-title":"Through the eyes of the participant: Using photovoice to understand the experiences and effects of ivermectin MDA in the context of BOHEMIA clinical trial in Kwale, Kenya","volume":"24","author":"Onyango","year":"2025"},{"key":"b20","series-title":"New Eng J Med.","first-page":"362","article-title":"Ivermectin to control malaria \u2014 A cluster-randomized trial","volume":"393","author":"Chaccour"},{"key":"b21","series-title":"Trends Parasitol","first-page":"279","article-title":"Towards a framework for community engagement in global health research","volume":"26","author":"Lavery","year":"2010"},{"key":"b22","series-title":"Malar J","first-page":"148","article-title":"Operational strategies of anti-malarial drug campaigns for malaria elimination in Zambia\u2019s southern province: A simulation study","volume":"15","author":"Stuckey","year":"2016"},{"key":"b23","series-title":"Nature","first-page":"S94","article-title":"Assessing the impact of next-generation rapid diagnostic tests on Plasmodium falciparum malaria elimination strategies","volume":"528","author":"Slater","year":"2015"},{"key":"b24","article-title":"Consensus Modelling Evidence to Support the Design of Mass Drug Administration Programmes.","author":"Okell","year":"2015"},{"key":"b25","series-title":"Health Res Policy Syst","first-page":"32","article-title":"Social sciences research in neglected tropical diseases 1: The ongoing neglect in the neglected tropical diseases","volume":"8","author":"Allotey","year":"2010"},{"key":"b26","series-title":"Malar J","first-page":"15","article-title":"Why do people participate in mass anti-malarial administration? Findings from a qualitative study in Nong District, Savannakhet Province, Lao PDR (Laos)","volume":"17","author":"Adhikari","year":"2018"},{"key":"b27","series-title":"Malar J","first-page":"17","article-title":"Community acceptability, participation, and adherence to mass drug administration with primaquine for Plasmodium vivax elimination in Southern Thailand: A mixed methods approach","volume":"22","author":"Saita","year":"2023"},{"key":"b28","series-title":"Malar J","first-page":"494","article-title":"The acceptability mass administrations of anti-malarial drug as part of targeted malaria elimination in villages along the Thai-Myanmar border","volume":"15","author":"Kajeechiwa","year":"2016"},{"key":"b29","series-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis","first-page":"e0008499","article-title":"Addressing barriers of community participation and access to mass drug administration for lymphatic filariasis elimination in Coastal Kenya using a participatory approach","volume":"14","author":"Njomo","year":"2020"},{"key":"b30","series-title":"Trop Dis Travel Med Vaccines","first-page":"16","article-title":"Towards elimination of lymphatic filariasis in Kenya: Improving advocacy, communication and social mobilization activities for mass drug administration, a qualitative study","volume":"8","author":"Kibe","year":"2022"},{"key":"b31","series-title":"Soc Sci Med","first-page":"1463","article-title":"Trust and informed consent: Insights from community members on the Kenyan coast","volume":"61","author":"Molyneux","year":"2005"},{"key":"b32","series-title":"PLoS Med","first-page":"e1001089","article-title":"Strengthening the informed consent process in international health research through community engagement: The KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme experience","volume":"8","author":"Boga","year":"2011"},{"key":"b33","series-title":"BMC Med Ethics","first-page":"13","article-title":"Benefits and payments for research participants: Experiences and views from a research centre on the Kenyan coast","volume":"13","author":"Molyneux","year":"2012"},{"key":"b34","series-title":"Trials","first-page":"65","article-title":"Complex realities: Community engagement for a paediatric randomized controlled malaria vaccine trial in Kilifi, Kenya","volume":"15","author":"Angwenyi","year":"2014"},{"key":"b35","series-title":"S Afr Med J","first-page":"926","article-title":"Payment of trial participants can be ethically sound: Moving past a flat rate","volume":"98","author":"Koen","year":"2008"},{"key":"b36","series-title":"PLoS One","first-page":"e0127842","article-title":"Benefits in cash or in kind? A community consultation on types of benefits in health research on the Kenyan Coast","volume":"10","author":"Njue","year":"2015"},{"key":"b37","series-title":"Dev World Bioeth","first-page":"10","article-title":"Engaging communities to strengthen research ethics in low-income settings","volume":"13","author":"Kamuya","year":"2013"},{"key":"b38","series-title":"BMC Med Ethics","first-page":"46","article-title":"Ethical considerations around volunteer payments in a malaria human infection study in Kenya: An embedded empirical ethics study","volume":"23","author":"Chi","year":"2022"},{"key":"b39","series-title":"Wellcome Open Res","first-page":"13","article-title":"\u2018Working relationships\u2019 across difference\u2014A realist review of community engagement with malaria research","volume":"7","author":"Vincent","year":"2022"},{"key":"b40","series-title":"Am J Public Health","first-page":"1857","article-title":"Aligning community engagement with traditional authority structures in global health research: A case study from Northern Ghana","volume":"101","author":"Tindana","year":"2011"},{"key":"b41","series-title":"BMC Med Ethics","first-page":"76","article-title":"Ethical issues in the export, storage and reuse of human biological samples in biomedical research: Perspectives of key stakeholders in Ghana and Kenya","volume":"15","author":"Tindana","year":"2014"},{"key":"b42","series-title":"Soc Sci Med","first-page":"2547","article-title":"Understanding of informed consent in a low-income setting: Three case studies from the Kenyan coast","volume":"59","author":"Molyneux","year":"2004"},{"key":"b43","series-title":"Trop Med Int Health","first-page":"975","article-title":"Editorial: Popular concerns about medical research projects in sub-Saharan Africa\u2014A critical voice in debates about medical research ethics","volume":"11","author":"Geissler","year":"2006"},{"key":"b44","series-title":"Soc Sci Med","first-page":"1109","article-title":"Where techno-science meets poverty: Medical research and the economy of blood in The Gambia, West Africa","volume":"63","author":"Fairhead","year":"2006"},{"key":"b45","series-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis","first-page":"e728","article-title":"Increasing compliance with mass drug administration programs for lymphatic filariasis in India through education and lymphedema management programs","volume":"4","author":"Cantey","year":"2010"},{"key":"b46","series-title":"Soc Sci Med","first-page":"708","article-title":"Taking social relationships seriously: Lessons learned from the informed consent practices of a vaccine trial on the Kenyan Coast","volume":"67","author":"Gikonyo","year":"2008"},{"key":"b47","series-title":"Soc Sci Med","first-page":"657","article-title":"Concepts of trust among patients with serious illness","volume":"51","author":"Mechanic","year":"2000"},{"key":"b48","series-title":"Soc Sci Med","first-page":"696","article-title":"\u2018He is now like a brother, I can even give him some blood\u2019\u2014Relational ethics and material exchanges in a malaria vaccine \u2018trial community\u2019 in The Gambia","volume":"67","author":"Geissler","year":"2008"},{"key":"b49","series-title":"Emerg Themes Epidemiol","first-page":"19","article-title":"Maximizing community participation and engagement: Lessons learned over 2 decades of field trials in rural Ghana","volume":"18","author":"Newton","year":"2021"},{"key":"b50","series-title":"Soc Sci Med","first-page":"1453","article-title":"Trust and the development of health care as a social institution","volume":"56","author":"Gilson","year":"2003"},{"key":"b51","series-title":"Malar J","first-page":"157","article-title":"Community perceptions on the secondary health benefits established by malaria vaccine trials (RTS, S phase 2 and phase 3) at the Korogwe site in North Eastern Tanzania","volume":"12","author":"Liheluka","year":"2013"},{"key":"b52","series-title":"BMC Med Ethics","first-page":"90","article-title":"\u201cWhen they see us, it\u2019s like they have seen the benefits!\u201d: Experiences of study benefits negotiations in community-based studies on the Kenyan Coast","volume":"15","author":"Kamuya","year":"2014"},{"key":"b53","series-title":"Malar J","first-page":"8","article-title":"\u201cWe were being treated like the Queen\u201d: Understanding trial factors influencing high paediatric malaria treatment adherence in western Kenya","volume":"17","author":"Jones","year":"2018"},{"key":"b54","series-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis","first-page":"e2447","article-title":"A review of factors that influence individual compliance with mass drug administration for elimination of lymphatic filariasis","volume":"7","author":"Krentel","year":"2013"},{"key":"b55","series-title":"Trop Med Int Health","first-page":"608","article-title":"Where would I be without ivermectin? Capturing the benefits of community-directed treatment with ivermectin in Africa","volume":"16","author":"Okeibunor","year":"2011"},{"key":"b56","series-title":"Parasit Vectors","first-page":"269","article-title":"Toxicity of ivermectin to bed bugs (Cimex hemipterus) and risk factors associated with infestations in Kwale County, Coastal Kenya","volume":"18","author":"Odongo","year":"2025"},{"key":"b57","series-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"142","article-title":"Perceptions of bed nets and malaria prevention before and after a randomised control trial of permethrin treated bed nets in Western Kenya","volume":"68 (Suppl 4)","author":"Alaii","year":"2003"},{"key":"b58","series-title":"Proc Biol Sci","first-page":"20240609","article-title":"Review on the impacts of indoor vector control on domiciliary pests: Good intentions challenged by harsh realities","volume":"291","author":"Hayes","year":"2024"},{"key":"b59","series-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis","first-page":"e0006454","article-title":"Adverse events following single dose treatment of lymphatic filariasis: Observations from a review of the literature","volume":"12","author":"Budge","year":"2018"},{"key":"b60","article-title":"STROMECTOL\u00ae (Ivermectin).","year":"1996"},{"key":"b61","author":"Sodahlon","year":"2023"},{"key":"b62","series-title":"Clin Infect Dis","first-page":"959","article-title":"Mass drug administration for the control of scabies: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"75","author":"Lake","year":"2022"},{"key":"b63","series-title":"Lancet Glob Health","first-page":"e924","article-title":"The impact of ivermectin, diethylcarbamazine citrate, and albendazole mass drug administration on the prevalence of scabies and soil-transmitted helminths in school-aged children in three municipalities in Timor-Leste: A before\u2013After assessment","volume":"11","author":"Le","year":"2023"},{"key":"b64","series-title":"N Engl J Med","first-page":"1801","article-title":"A trial of a triple-drug treatment for lymphatic filariasis","volume":"379","author":"King","year":"2018"},{"key":"b1","series-title":"Malar J","first-page":"405","article-title":"The dynamic of asymptomatic Plasmodium falciparum infections following mass drug administrations with dihydroarteminisin-piperaquine plus a single low dose of primaquine in Savannakhet Province, Laos","volume":"17","author":"Pongvongsa","year":"2018"},{"key":"b2","series-title":"Clin Infect Dis","first-page":"817","article-title":"A controlled trial of mass drug administration to interrupt transmission of multidrug-resistant falciparum malaria in Cambodian villages","volume":"67","author":"Tripura","year":"2018"},{"key":"b3","series-title":"PloS Med","first-page":"e1002745","article-title":"The impact of targeted malaria elimination with mass drug administrations on falciparum malaria in Southeast Asia: A cluster randomised trial","volume":"16","author":"von Seidlein","year":"2019"},{"key":"b4","series-title":"Malar J","first-page":"190","article-title":"Setting the scene and generating evidence for malaria elimination in Southern Mozambique","volume":"18","author":"Aide","year":"2019"},{"key":"b5","series-title":"J Infect Dis","first-page":"1831","article-title":"Short-term impact of mass drug administration with dihydroartemisinin plus piperaquine on malaria in southern province Zambia: A cluster-randomized controlled trial","volume":"214","author":"Eisele","year":"2016"},{"key":"b6","series-title":"Lancet Infect Dis","first-page":"519","article-title":"Mass drug administration of ivermectin and dihydroartemisinin\u2013piperaquine against malaria in settings with high coverage of standard control interventions: A cluster-randomised controlled trial in The Gambia","volume":"22","author":"Dabira","year":"2022"},{"key":"b7","series-title":"Lancet Infect Dis","first-page":"424","article-title":"Adjunctive ivermectin mass drug administration for malaria control on the Bijagos Archipelago of Guinea-Bissau (MATAMAL): A quadruple-blinded, cluster-randomised, placebo-controlled trial","volume":"25","author":"Hutchins","year":"2025"},{"key":"b8","series-title":"J Infect Dis","first-page":"113","article-title":"Effect of ivermectin on Anopheles gambiae mosquitoes fed on humans: The potential of oral insecticides in malaria control","volume":"202","author":"Chaccour","year":"2010"},{"key":"b9","series-title":"Malar J","first-page":"153","article-title":"Ivermectin to reduce malaria transmission: A research agenda for a promising new tool for elimination","volume":"12","author":"Chaccour","year":"2013"},{"key":"b10","series-title":"Malar J","first-page":"206","article-title":"Mass anti-malarial administration in western Cambodia: A qualitative study of factors affecting coverage","volume":"16","author":"Pell","year":"2017"},{"key":"b11","series-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"100","article-title":"Reflections on a community engagement strategy for mass antimalarial drug administration in Cambodia","volume":"98","author":"Peto","year":"2018"},{"key":"b12","series-title":"Malar J","first-page":"75","article-title":"Community engagement and the social context of targeted malaria treatment: A qualitative study in Kayin (Karen) State, Myanmar","volume":"16","author":"Sahan","year":"2017"},{"key":"b13","series-title":"Glob Health Action","first-page":"1366136","article-title":"Elements of effective community engagement: Lessons from a targeted malaria elimination study in Lao PDR (Laos)","volume":"10","author":"Adhikari","year":"2017"},{"key":"b14","series-title":"Malar J","first-page":"198","article-title":"From informed consent to adherence: Factors influencing involvement in mass drug administration with ivermectin for malaria elimination in The Gambia","volume":"20","author":"Fehr","year":"2021"},{"key":"b15","series-title":"Trials","first-page":"128","article-title":"BOHEMIA: Broad One Health Endectocide-based Malaria Intervention in Africa\u2014A phase III cluster-randomized, open-label, clinical trial to study the safety and efficacy of ivermectin mass drug administration to reduce malaria transmission in two African settings","volume":"24","author":"Chaccour","year":"2023"},{"key":"b16","article-title":"Understanding Population Projections Computed Estimates of Future Population Sizes and Structures Based on the Past and Current Situation of a Population Group.","year":"2023"},{"key":"b17","series-title":"PLoS One","first-page":"e0257276","article-title":"Assessment of malaria infection among pregnant women and children below five years of age attending rural health facilities of Kenya: A cross-sectional survey in two counties of Kenya","volume":"16","author":"Okoyo","year":"2021"},{"key":"b18","series-title":"Int J Infect Dis","first-page":"107236","article-title":"Mosquitocidal efficacy and pharmacokinetics of single-dose ivermectin versus three-day dose regimen for malaria vector control compared with albendazole and no treatment: An open-label randomized controlled trial","volume":"148","author":"Kamau","year":"2024"},{"key":"b19","series-title":"Malar J","first-page":"79","article-title":"Through the eyes of the participant: Using photovoice to understand the experiences and effects of ivermectin MDA in the context of BOHEMIA clinical trial in Kwale, Kenya","volume":"24","author":"Onyango","year":"2025"},{"key":"b20","series-title":"New Eng J Med.","first-page":"362","article-title":"Ivermectin to control malaria \u2014 A cluster-randomized trial","volume":"393","author":"Chaccour"},{"key":"b21","series-title":"Trends Parasitol","first-page":"279","article-title":"Towards a framework for community engagement in global health research","volume":"26","author":"Lavery","year":"2010"},{"key":"b22","series-title":"Malar J","first-page":"148","article-title":"Operational strategies of anti-malarial drug campaigns for malaria elimination in Zambia\u2019s southern province: A simulation study","volume":"15","author":"Stuckey","year":"2016"},{"key":"b23","series-title":"Nature","first-page":"S94","article-title":"Assessing the impact of next-generation rapid diagnostic tests on Plasmodium falciparum malaria elimination strategies","volume":"528","author":"Slater","year":"2015"},{"key":"b24","article-title":"Consensus Modelling Evidence to Support the Design of Mass Drug Administration Programmes.","author":"Okell","year":"2015"},{"key":"b25","series-title":"Health Res Policy Syst","first-page":"32","article-title":"Social sciences research in neglected tropical diseases 1: The ongoing neglect in the neglected tropical diseases","volume":"8","author":"Allotey","year":"2010"},{"key":"b26","series-title":"Malar J","first-page":"15","article-title":"Why do people participate in mass anti-malarial administration? Findings from a qualitative study in Nong District, Savannakhet Province, Lao PDR (Laos)","volume":"17","author":"Adhikari","year":"2018"},{"key":"b27","series-title":"Malar J","first-page":"17","article-title":"Community acceptability, participation, and adherence to mass drug administration with primaquine for Plasmodium vivax elimination in Southern Thailand: A mixed methods approach","volume":"22","author":"Saita","year":"2023"},{"key":"b28","series-title":"Malar J","first-page":"494","article-title":"The acceptability mass administrations of anti-malarial drug as part of targeted malaria elimination in villages along the Thai-Myanmar border","volume":"15","author":"Kajeechiwa","year":"2016"},{"key":"b29","series-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis","first-page":"e0008499","article-title":"Addressing barriers of community participation and access to mass drug administration for lymphatic filariasis elimination in Coastal Kenya using a participatory approach","volume":"14","author":"Njomo","year":"2020"},{"key":"b30","series-title":"Trop Dis Travel Med Vaccines","first-page":"16","article-title":"Towards elimination of lymphatic filariasis in Kenya: Improving advocacy, communication and social mobilization activities for mass drug administration, a qualitative study","volume":"8","author":"Kibe","year":"2022"},{"key":"b31","series-title":"Soc Sci Med","first-page":"1463","article-title":"Trust and informed consent: Insights from community members on the Kenyan coast","volume":"61","author":"Molyneux","year":"2005"},{"key":"b32","series-title":"PLoS Med","first-page":"e1001089","article-title":"Strengthening the informed consent process in international health research through community engagement: The KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme experience","volume":"8","author":"Boga","year":"2011"},{"key":"b33","series-title":"BMC Med Ethics","first-page":"13","article-title":"Benefits and payments for research participants: Experiences and views from a research centre on the Kenyan coast","volume":"13","author":"Molyneux","year":"2012"},{"key":"b34","series-title":"Trials","first-page":"65","article-title":"Complex realities: Community engagement for a paediatric randomized controlled malaria vaccine trial in Kilifi, Kenya","volume":"15","author":"Angwenyi","year":"2014"},{"key":"b35","series-title":"S Afr Med J","first-page":"926","article-title":"Payment of trial participants can be ethically sound: Moving past a flat rate","volume":"98","author":"Koen","year":"2008"},{"key":"b36","series-title":"PLoS One","first-page":"e0127842","article-title":"Benefits in cash or in kind? A community consultation on types of benefits in health research on the Kenyan Coast","volume":"10","author":"Njue","year":"2015"},{"key":"b37","series-title":"Dev World Bioeth","first-page":"10","article-title":"Engaging communities to strengthen research ethics in low-income settings","volume":"13","author":"Kamuya","year":"2013"},{"key":"b38","series-title":"BMC Med Ethics","first-page":"46","article-title":"Ethical considerations around volunteer payments in a malaria human infection study in Kenya: An embedded empirical ethics study","volume":"23","author":"Chi","year":"2022"},{"key":"b39","series-title":"Wellcome Open Res","first-page":"13","article-title":"\u2018Working relationships\u2019 across difference\u2014A realist review of community engagement with malaria research","volume":"7","author":"Vincent","year":"2022"},{"key":"b40","series-title":"Am J Public Health","first-page":"1857","article-title":"Aligning community engagement with traditional authority structures in global health research: A case study from Northern Ghana","volume":"101","author":"Tindana","year":"2011"},{"key":"b41","series-title":"BMC Med Ethics","first-page":"76","article-title":"Ethical issues in the export, storage and reuse of human biological samples in biomedical research: Perspectives of key stakeholders in Ghana and Kenya","volume":"15","author":"Tindana","year":"2014"},{"key":"b42","series-title":"Soc Sci Med","first-page":"2547","article-title":"Understanding of informed consent in a low-income setting: Three case studies from the Kenyan coast","volume":"59","author":"Molyneux","year":"2004"},{"key":"b43","series-title":"Trop Med Int Health","first-page":"975","article-title":"Editorial: Popular concerns about medical research projects in sub-Saharan Africa\u2014A critical voice in debates about medical research ethics","volume":"11","author":"Geissler","year":"2006"},{"key":"b44","series-title":"Soc Sci Med","first-page":"1109","article-title":"Where techno-science meets poverty: Medical research and the economy of blood in The Gambia, West Africa","volume":"63","author":"Fairhead","year":"2006"},{"key":"b45","series-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis","first-page":"e728","article-title":"Increasing compliance with mass drug administration programs for lymphatic filariasis in India through education and lymphedema management programs","volume":"4","author":"Cantey","year":"2010"},{"key":"b46","series-title":"Soc Sci Med","first-page":"708","article-title":"Taking social relationships seriously: Lessons learned from the informed consent practices of a vaccine trial on the Kenyan Coast","volume":"67","author":"Gikonyo","year":"2008"},{"key":"b47","series-title":"Soc Sci Med","first-page":"657","article-title":"Concepts of trust among patients with serious illness","volume":"51","author":"Mechanic","year":"2000"},{"key":"b48","series-title":"Soc Sci Med","first-page":"696","article-title":"\u2018He is now like a brother, I can even give him some blood\u2019\u2014Relational ethics and material exchanges in a malaria vaccine \u2018trial community\u2019 in The Gambia","volume":"67","author":"Geissler","year":"2008"},{"key":"b49","series-title":"Emerg Themes Epidemiol","first-page":"19","article-title":"Maximizing community participation and engagement: Lessons learned over 2 decades of field trials in rural Ghana","volume":"18","author":"Newton","year":"2021"},{"key":"b50","series-title":"Soc Sci Med","first-page":"1453","article-title":"Trust and the development of health care as a social institution","volume":"56","author":"Gilson","year":"2003"},{"key":"b51","series-title":"Malar J","first-page":"157","article-title":"Community perceptions on the secondary health benefits established by malaria vaccine trials (RTS, S phase 2 and phase 3) at the Korogwe site in North Eastern Tanzania","volume":"12","author":"Liheluka","year":"2013"},{"key":"b52","series-title":"BMC Med Ethics","first-page":"90","article-title":"\u201cWhen they see us, it\u2019s like they have seen the benefits!\u201d: Experiences of study benefits negotiations in community-based studies on the Kenyan Coast","volume":"15","author":"Kamuya","year":"2014"},{"key":"b53","series-title":"Malar J","first-page":"8","article-title":"\u201cWe were being treated like the Queen\u201d: Understanding trial factors influencing high paediatric malaria treatment adherence in western Kenya","volume":"17","author":"Jones","year":"2018"},{"key":"b54","series-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis","first-page":"e2447","article-title":"A review of factors that influence individual compliance with mass drug administration for elimination of lymphatic filariasis","volume":"7","author":"Krentel","year":"2013"},{"key":"b55","series-title":"Trop Med Int Health","first-page":"608","article-title":"Where would I be without ivermectin? Capturing the benefits of community-directed treatment with ivermectin in Africa","volume":"16","author":"Okeibunor","year":"2011"},{"key":"b56","series-title":"Parasit Vectors","first-page":"269","article-title":"Toxicity of ivermectin to bed bugs (Cimex hemipterus) and risk factors associated with infestations in Kwale County, Coastal Kenya","volume":"18","author":"Odongo","year":"2025"},{"key":"b57","series-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"142","article-title":"Perceptions of bed nets and malaria prevention before and after a randomised control trial of permethrin treated bed nets in Western Kenya","volume":"68 (Suppl 4)","author":"Alaii","year":"2003"},{"key":"b58","series-title":"Proc Biol Sci","first-page":"20240609","article-title":"Review on the impacts of indoor vector control on domiciliary pests: Good intentions challenged by harsh realities","volume":"291","author":"Hayes","year":"2024"},{"key":"b59","series-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis","first-page":"e0006454","article-title":"Adverse events following single dose treatment of lymphatic filariasis: Observations from a review of the literature","volume":"12","author":"Budge","year":"2018"},{"key":"b60","article-title":"STROMECTOL\u00ae (Ivermectin).","year":"1996"},{"key":"b61","author":"Sodahlon","year":"2023"},{"key":"b62","series-title":"Clin Infect Dis","first-page":"959","article-title":"Mass drug administration for the control of scabies: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"75","author":"Lake","year":"2022"},{"key":"b63","series-title":"Lancet Glob Health","first-page":"e924","article-title":"The impact of ivermectin, diethylcarbamazine citrate, and albendazole mass drug administration on the prevalence of scabies and soil-transmitted helminths in school-aged children in three municipalities in Timor-Leste: A before\u2013After assessment","volume":"11","author":"Le","year":"2023"},{"key":"b64","series-title":"N Engl J Med","first-page":"1801","article-title":"A trial of a triple-drug treatment for lymphatic filariasis","volume":"379","author":"King","year":"2018"}],"container-title":["The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/view\/journals\/tpmd\/114\/1\/article-p72.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/tpmd\/114\/1\/article-p72.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/tpmd\/114\/1\/article-p72.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,7]],"date-time":"2026-01-07T13:53:24Z","timestamp":1767794004000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/view\/journals\/tpmd\/114\/1\/article-p72.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,7]]},"references-count":128,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4269\/ajtmh.25-0145","relation":{},"ISSN":["0002-9637","1476-1645"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0002-9637","type":"print"},{"value":"1476-1645","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,7]]}}}