{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,19]],"date-time":"2026-10-19T16:43:38Z","timestamp":1792428218994,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT.<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    In regions with prolonged rainy seasons where hookworm and\n                    <jats:italic>Strongyloides stercoralis<\/jats:italic>\n                    (\n                    <jats:italic>S. stercoralis<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) are co-endemic, the prevalence of hookworm infection frequently exceeds that of strongyloidiasis, despite both parasites sharing a similar route of infection via skin penetration by third-stage larvae (L3). Climate factors may contribute because rainwater can dilute stool, reducing bacterial abundance and stool-soluble component concentrations that may affect first-stage larvae (L1) development. In this study, we aimed to compare the stool-soluble component requirements of\n                    <jats:italic>S. stercoralis<\/jats:italic>\n                    and hookworm L1 in water-diluted stool and soil. Four sets of stool suspensions at 1:20, 1:480, and 1:30,720 dilutions, each containing 30\u201340 hookworm or\n                    <jats:italic>S. stercoralis<\/jats:italic>\n                    L1, were prepared. Two sets were adjusted to a minimal volume for soil addition, with and without bacteria, while the other two remained unadjusted. All suspensions were incubated at room temperature for 6 days, and the L3 were counted. In 1:20 suspensions, both hookworm and\n                    <jats:italic>S. stercoralis<\/jats:italic>\n                    L1 developed into or produced L3. However, in 1:480 suspensions, only hookworm L1 progressed to L3, regardless of bacterial addition. Neither species developed into L3 in 1:30,720 suspensions without bacteria, although hookworm L1 successfully developed into L3 when bacteria were added. Additionally, hookworm L1 developed into L3 in soil, whereas\n                    <jats:italic>S. stercoralis<\/jats:italic>\n                    L1 did not. These findings indicate that hookworm L1 require only bacteria, whereas\n                    <jats:italic>S. stercoralis<\/jats:italic>\n                    L1 depend on both bacteria and sufficient stool-soluble components. Water-diluting stool suppresses\n                    <jats:italic>S. stercoralis<\/jats:italic>\n                    L1 growth and development but not hookworm L1, which explains the higher prevalence of hookworm infection in regions with long rainy seasons.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.25-0167","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,27]],"date-time":"2025-05-27T13:26:00Z","timestamp":1748352360000},"page":"311-316","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Strongyloides stercoralis, but Not Hookworm, First-Stage Larvae Require Stool-Soluble Components for Growth and Development"],"prefix":"10.4269","volume":"113","author":[{"given":"Patthanasak","family":"Khammaneechan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Thailand;"},{"name":"EC for PHR, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Thailand;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Prasit","family":"Na-Ek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Science, School of Medicine, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Thailand;"},{"name":"Research Center in Tropical Pathobiology, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Thailand;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Attarat","family":"Pattanawongsa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmacy, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Thailand;"},{"name":"Drug and Cosmetics Excellence Center, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Thailand;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Blego","family":"Sedionoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Health, Faculty of Public Health, Mulawarman University, Samarinda, East Kalimantan, Indonesia;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Witthaya","family":"Anamnart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Thailand;"},{"name":"School of Allied Health Sciences, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"2795","reference":[{"key":"b1","series-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis","first-page":"e12331","article-title":"The enhancive effect of the 2014-2016 El Ni\u00f1o-induced drought on the control of soil-transmitted helminthiases without anthelmintics: A longitudinal study","volume":"18","author":"Pattanawongsa","year":"2024"},{"key":"b2","series-title":"N Engl J Med","first-page":"799","article-title":"Hookworm infection","volume":"351","author":"Hotez","year":"2004"},{"key":"b3","series-title":"Lancet","first-page":"743","article-title":"Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 301 acute and chronic diseases and injuries in 188 countries, 1990\u20132013: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013","volume":"386","year":"2015"},{"key":"b4","series-title":"Adv Parasitol","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-308X(08)60036-6","article-title":"Human strongyloidiasis","volume":"38","author":"Grove","year":"1996"},{"key":"b5","series-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"967","article-title":"Strongyloidiasis\u2013The most neglected of the neglected tropical diseases?","volume":"103","author":"Olsen","year":"2009"},{"key":"b6","article-title":"The Climate of Thailand","year":"2016"},{"key":"b7","series-title":"Laos: A Country Study","author":"Andrea","year":"1994"},{"key":"b8","article-title":"Rainfall Data","year":"2024"},{"key":"b9","series-title":"Trop Med Health","first-page":"41181","article-title":"Modified Harada-Mori and simple wet mount to determine hookworm infections in Yo Island urban area, Songkhla, Southern Thailand","volume":"24","author":"Kitvatanachai","year":"2019"},{"key":"b10","series-title":"Asian Pacific J Trop Dis","first-page":"719","article-title":"Determine the prevalence of intestinal and soil-transmitted helminths using different copromicroscopic techniques in Krabi Province, Thailand","volume":"7","author":"Kitvatanachai","year":"2017"},{"key":"b11","series-title":"Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health","first-page":"378","article-title":"Strongyloides stercoralis infection and chronological changes of other soil-transmitted helminthiases in an endemic area of southern Thailand","volume":"31","author":"Anantaphruti","year":"2000"},{"key":"b12","series-title":"Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health","first-page":"454","article-title":"Prevalence of soil-transmitted helminth infections in the rural population of Bali, Indonesia","volume":"31","author":"Widjana","year":"2000"},{"key":"b13","series-title":"Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health","first-page":"313","article-title":"Intestinal parasitic infections in Campalagian district, south Sulawesi, Indonesia","volume":"24","author":"Mangali","year":"1993"},{"key":"b14","series-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"398","article-title":"Epidemiology of Strongyloides stercoralis in north-east Thailand: Application of the agar plate culture technique compared with the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay","volume":"97","author":"Sithithaworn","year":"2003"},{"key":"b15","series-title":"Trop Biomed","first-page":"237","article-title":"Intestinal parasitic infections in Srimum suburban area of Nakhon Ratchasima Province, Thailand","volume":"25","author":"Kitvatanachai","year":"2008"},{"key":"b16","series-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"398","article-title":"Increased sensitivity of routine laboratory detection of Strongyloides stercoralis and hookworm by agar-plate culture","volume":"93","author":"Jongwutiwes","year":"1999"},{"key":"b17","series-title":"J Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"360","article-title":"Intestinal parasitic infections among schoolchildren in Chiang Mai, northern Thailand: An analysis of the present situation","volume":"92","author":"Kasuya","year":"1989"},{"key":"b18","series-title":"Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health","first-page":"717","article-title":"An epidemiological survey on intestinal parasite infection in Khammouane Province, Lao PDR, with special reference to Strongyloides infection","volume":"29","author":"Vannachone","year":"1998"},{"key":"b19","series-title":"Acta Trop","first-page":"289","article-title":"Epidemiology of Strongyloides stercoralis on Mekong islands in southern Laos","volume":"141","author":"Vonghachack","year":"2015"},{"key":"b20","series-title":"Parasitol Res","first-page":"2973","article-title":"First molecular identification and report of genetic diversity of Strongyloides stercoralis, a current major soil-transmitted helminth in humans from Lao People\u2019s Democratic Republic","volume":"115","author":"Laymanivong","year":"2016"},{"key":"b21","series-title":"Cambodia. Parasit Vectors","first-page":"e13071","article-title":"Strongyloides stercoralis and hookworm co-infection: Spatial distribution and determinants in Preah Vihear Province","volume":"12","author":"Forrer","year":"2018"},{"key":"b22","series-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis","first-page":"e2854","article-title":"High prevalence and spatial distribution of Strongyloides stercoralis in rural Cambodia","volume":"8","author":"Khieu","year":"2014"},{"key":"b23","series-title":"Cambodia Parasit Vectors","first-page":"e3305","article-title":"Prevalence and risk factors of Strongyloides stercoralis in Takeo Province","volume":"12","author":"Khieu","year":"2014"},{"key":"b24","series-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis","first-page":"e2035","article-title":"Diagnosis, treatment and risk factors of Strongyloides stercoralis in schoolchildren in Cambodia","volume":"7","author":"Khieu","year":"2013"},{"key":"b25","series-title":"Ann Trop Med Parasitol","first-page":"413","article-title":"Prevalence and epidemiology of intestinal parasitism, as revealed by three distinct techniques in an endemic area in the Brazilian Amazon","volume":"105","author":"Valverde","year":"2011"},{"key":"b26","series-title":"Cad Saude Publica","first-page":"507","article-title":"Parasitismo intestinal em uma aldeia ind\u00edgena Parakan\u00e3, sudested do Estado do Par\u00e1, Brasil [Intestinal parasitism in a Parakan\u00e3 indigenous community in southwestern Par\u00e1 State, Brazil]","volume":"14","author":"Miranda","year":"1998"},{"key":"b27","series-title":"Memorias Do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz","first-page":"161","article-title":"Strongyloides stercoralis and other enteroparasites in children at Uberl\u00e2ndia city, state of Minas Gerais, Brazil","volume":"93","author":"Machado","year":"1998"},{"key":"b28","series-title":"Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz","first-page":"80","article-title":"A comparative study of the TF-Test, Kato-Katz, Hoffman-Pons-Janer, Willis and Baermann-Moraes coprologic methods for the detection of human parasitosis","volume":"107","author":"Carvalho","year":"2012"},{"key":"b29","series-title":"Rev Inst Med Trop S Paulo","first-page":"13","article-title":"Prevalence of intestinal parasitic infection in five farms in Holambra, S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil","volume":"37","author":"Kobayashi","year":"1995"},{"key":"b30","series-title":"Rev Soc Bras Med Trop","first-page":"581","article-title":"Enteroparasites and commensals among children in four peripheral districts of Uberl\u00e2ndia, State of Minas Gerais","volume":"41","author":"Machado","year":"2008"},{"key":"b31","series-title":"Bull World Health Organ","first-page":"563","article-title":"Selective mass treatment with ivermectin to control intestinal helminthiases and parasitic skin diseases in a severely affected population","volume":"82","author":"Heukelbach","year":"2004"},{"key":"b32","series-title":"Parasite","first-page":"167","article-title":"Intestinal parasitoses among Wayampi Indians from French Guiana","volume":"9","author":"Carme","year":"2002"},{"key":"b33","series-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis","first-page":"e0009087","article-title":"Prevalence of intestinal parasite among patients attending two hospitals in French Guiana: A 6-year retrospective study","volume":"15","author":"Aboikoni","year":"2021"},{"key":"b34","series-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"32","article-title":"Distribution of human Oesophagostomum bifurcum, hookworm and Strongyloides stercoralis infections in northern Ghana","volume":"99","author":"Yelifari","year":"2005"},{"key":"b35","series-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis","first-page":"e754","article-title":"Comparing diagnostic accuracy of Kato-Katz, Koga agar plate, ether-concentration, and FLOTAC for Schistosoma mansoni and soil-transmitted helminths","volume":"4","author":"Glinz","year":"2010"},{"key":"b36","series-title":"Acta Trop","first-page":"210","article-title":"Real-time PCR for detection of Strongyloides stercoralis in human stool samples from C\u00f4te d\u2019Ivoire: Diagnostic accuracy, inter-laboratory comparison and patterns of hookworm co-infection","volume":"150","author":"Becker","year":"2015"},{"key":"b37","series-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis","first-page":"e1292","article-title":"Diagnosis, clinical features, and self-reported morbidity of Strongyloides stercoralis and hookworm infection in a Co-endemic setting","volume":"5","author":"Becker","year":"2011"},{"key":"b38","series-title":"Ann Trop Med Parasitol","first-page":"269","article-title":"Epidemiology of infections with intestinal parasites and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) among sugar-estate residents in Ethiopia","volume":"94","author":"Fontanet","year":"2000"},{"key":"b39","series-title":"Parasit Vectors","first-page":"e617","article-title":"High prevalence of Strongyloides stercoralis in school-aged children in a rural highland of north-western Ethiopia: The role of intensive diagnostic work-up","volume":"9","author":"Amor","year":"2016"},{"key":"b40","series-title":"PloS Negl Trop Dis","first-page":"e331","article-title":"Diagnosis of soil-transmitted helminths in the era of preventive chemotherapy: Effect of multiple stool sampling and use of different diagnostic techniques","volume":"2","author":"Knopp","year":"2008"},{"key":"b41","series-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"1071","article-title":"Changing patterns of soil-transmitted helminthiases in Zanzibar in the context of national helminth control programs","volume":"81","author":"Knopp","year":"2009"},{"key":"b42","series-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis","first-page":"e681","article-title":"Patterns and risk factors of helminthiasis and anemia in a rural and a peri-urban community in Zanzibar, in the context of helminth control programs","volume":"4","author":"Knopp","year":"2010"},{"key":"b43","series-title":"Geospat Health","first-page":"47","article-title":"Spatial distribution of soil-transmitted helminths, including Strongyloides stercoralis, among children in Zanzibar","volume":"3","author":"Knopp","year":"2008"},{"key":"b44","series-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"1226","article-title":"Prevalence of Strongyloides stercoralis and other intestinal parasite infections in school children in a rural area of Angola: A cross-sectional study","volume":"97","author":"de Alegr\u00eda","year":"2017"},{"key":"b45","series-title":"Adv Parasitol","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-308X(04)58004-1","article-title":"Human hookworm infection in the 21st century","volume":"58","author":"Brooker","year":"2004"},{"key":"b46","series-title":"Trop Med Int Health","first-page":"722","article-title":"The effect of soil type and climate on hookworm (Necator americanus). distribution in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa","volume":"8","author":"Mabaso","year":"2003"},{"key":"b47","series-title":"Adv Parasitol","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-308X(00)47011-9","article-title":"The potential of geographical information systems and remote sensing in the epidemiology and control of human helminth infections","volume":"47","author":"Brooker","year":"2000"},{"key":"b48","series-title":"J Clin Microbiol","first-page":"97","article-title":"Factors affecting recovery of Strongyloides stercoralis larvae: An approach to a newly modified formalin-ether concentration technique for diagnosis of strongyloidiasis","volume":"48","author":"Anamnart","year":"2010"},{"key":"b49","series-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"518","article-title":"A modified agar plate method for detection of Strongyloides stercoralis","volume":"45","author":"Koga","year":"1991"},{"key":"b50","series-title":"Sci Rep","first-page":"10749","article-title":"Effect of dilution of stool soluble component on growth and development of Strongyloides stercoralis","volume":"5","author":"Anamnart","year":"2015"},{"key":"b51","series-title":"Parasitol Res","first-page":"315","article-title":"Effect of temperature on the development of free-living stages of Strongyloides ratti","volume":"102","author":"Minato","year":"2008"},{"key":"b52","series-title":"Parasitol Res","first-page":"2817","article-title":"Restoration of hookworm egg development after prolonged storage in stool suspension","volume":"115","author":"Na-Ek","year":"2016"},{"key":"b53","series-title":"PLoS One","first-page":"e82339","article-title":"Detrimental effect of water submersion of stools on development of Strongyloides stercoralis","volume":"8","author":"Anamnart","year":"2013"}],"container-title":["The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/view\/journals\/tpmd\/113\/2\/article-p311.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/tpmd\/113\/2\/article-p311.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/tpmd\/113\/2\/article-p311.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,24]],"date-time":"2026-07-24T18:58:33Z","timestamp":1784919513000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/view\/journals\/tpmd\/113\/2\/article-p311.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,6]]},"references-count":53,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4269\/ajtmh.25-0167","relation":{},"ISSN":["0002-9637","1476-1645"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0002-9637","type":"print"},{"value":"1476-1645","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,6]]}}}