{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,15]],"date-time":"2025-08-15T00:48:08Z","timestamp":1755218888090,"version":"3.43.0"},"reference-count":16,"publisher":"American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT.<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>During two critically important battles on the Yorktown peninsula in Virginia in 1781, during the American Revolutionary War and in 1862 during the US Civil War, malaria played a vital role in determining how many soldiers were fit to fight. Lord Cornwallis\u2019 British Army was besieged by a Franco-American Army under Washington and forced to surrender when the Royal Navy could not relieve them. At the time of the October capitulation, most British soldiers were sick from fevers probably due to malaria whereas less than 8% of American soldiers were ill. This differential disease effect was likely due to lower exposure and partial immunity in the Americans. A very different military campaign in the same area was also disrupted by malaria more than 80 years later during the US Civil War. General McClellan failed in his attempt to capture the rebel capital at Richmond when forced to camp in the swamps of the Chickahominy River by Confederate defensive works leading to a malaria epidemic in summer 1862. Disease did not solely determine the military outcome, but malaria strongly influenced how many soldiers could be maintained in a field army. Malaria remains capable of causing mass casualties in deployed military forces.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.25-0186","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,20]],"date-time":"2025-05-20T11:00:15Z","timestamp":1747738815000},"page":"278-281","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Malaria Influenced Outcomes of Yorktown Sieges: 1781 and 1862"],"prefix":"10.4269","volume":"113","author":[{"given":"G. Dennis","family":"Shanks","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Australian Defence Force Malaria and Infectious Disease Institute, Enoggera, Australia;"},{"name":"University of Queensland, School of Public Health, Brisbane, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"2795","reference":[{"year":"2010","series-title":"Mosquito Empires: Ecology and War in the Greater Caribbean, 1620\u22121914","author":"McNeill","key":"b1"},{"year":"1984","series-title":"The Army of the Potomac Trilogy","author":"Catton","key":"b2"},{"key":"b3","series-title":"MSMR","first-page":"6","article-title":"The critical role of disease and non-battle injuries in soldiers isolated on Pacific Islands during the second world war","volume":"30","author":"Shanks","year":"2023"},{"key":"b4","series-title":"The William and Mary Quarterly: A Magazine of Early American History.","first-page":"31","article-title":"Of Agues and Fevers: Malaria in the Early Chesapeake","author":"Rutman","year":"1976"},{"year":"1990","series-title":"The Army Medical Department, 1775\u20131818","author":"Gillett","key":"b5"},{"year":"1968","series-title":"Disease in the Civil War: Natural Biological Warfare in 1861\u20131865","author":"Steiner","key":"b6"},{"year":"1863","series-title":"Outlines of the Chief Camp Diseases of the United States Armies: As Observed During the Present War","author":"Woodward","key":"b7"},{"year":"1879","series-title":"The Medical and Surgical History of the War of the Rebellion (1861\u20131865): Part 1","author":"Woodward","key":"b8"},{"key":"b9","series-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"5","article-title":"Lessons in malariology from World War II","volume":"26","author":"Russell","year":"1946"},{"key":"b10","series-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"67","article-title":"Results in an infantry regiment of several plans of treatment for vivax malaria","volume":"1","author":"Downs","year":"1946"},{"key":"b11","series-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"1173","article-title":"Plasmodium vivax relapse rates in allied soldiers during the second World War: Importance of hypnozoite burden","volume":"107","author":"Shanks","year":"2022"},{"key":"b12","series-title":"BMJ Military Health","first-page":"85","article-title":"John Hull Grundy lecture: Mosquitoes, malaria and war; Then and now","volume":"131","author":"Bruce-Chwatt","year":"1985"},{"key":"b13","series-title":"Clinical Infectious Diseases","first-page":"698","article-title":"Malaria among united nations peacekeepers in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, South Kivu area, January 2016\u2013July 2019","volume":"71","author":"Kai","year":"2020"},{"key":"b14","series-title":"J Conflict Resolut","first-page":"813","article-title":"On malaria and the duration of civil war","volume":"60","author":"Bagozzi","year":"2016"},{"key":"b15","series-title":"JAMA","first-page":"397","article-title":"Malaria in US Marines returning from Somalia","volume":"272","author":"Newton","year":"1994"},{"key":"b16","series-title":"JAMA","first-page":"212","article-title":"An outbreak of malaria in US Army Rangers returning from Afghanistan","volume":"293","author":"Kotwal","year":"2005"}],"container-title":["The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/view\/journals\/tpmd\/113\/2\/article-p278.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/tpmd\/113\/2\/article-p278.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/tpmd\/113\/2\/article-p278.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,6]],"date-time":"2025-08-06T13:59:57Z","timestamp":1754488797000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/view\/journals\/tpmd\/113\/2\/article-p278.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,6]]},"references-count":16,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4269\/ajtmh.25-0186","relation":{},"ISSN":["0002-9637","1476-1645"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0002-9637"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1476-1645"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,6]]}}}